The scene of the accident (Yuan Yuqian/photo)

　　Cctv news(Reporter Yuan Yuqian) Signboards of many shops along the street were shattered, and glass slag and building debris were scattered on the street … At about 8: 40 on October 4, a street-facing restaurant named "Northeast Cuisine" exploded on Fenghuang Middle Avenue in Honggutan New District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, and the second floor collapsed. Fortunately, there were no casualties.

The scene of the accident (Yuan Yuqian/photo)

　　At 9 o’clock in the morning, the reporter saw at the scene that the street shop in the central community of Liantai Xiangyu was bombed beyond recognition, and the shattered glass rushed to the community dozens of meters across the road, and the vehicles parked near the store were damaged to varying degrees. Many shops around were also affected, and the scene was messy.

　　Firefighters set up a cordon around the scene of the accident, and handled and investigated the open flames and inflammable and explosive materials in the store.

　　"At that time, the shop opposite suddenly exploded with a loud noise, and large pieces of glass slag slammed on our sentry box." The security guard of the famous family community told the reporter that the traffic on this road is usually very heavy, and it happened to catch up with the holiday today. When the explosion occurred, there were no pedestrians and vehicles passing by.

　　Half an hour later, several firefighters carried out a liquefied gas cylinder more than one meter high from the store and continued to cool it with a water gun. The reporter learned at the scene that the accident was suspected to be an explosion in the gas tank of the store. There was no one in the store at the time of the incident, and there were no casualties on the road and in the store.

　　"It’s so scary. I just went to this store to eat jiaozi a few days ago. When I was in the bathroom on the second floor, I saw that the lampblack from the kitchen downstairs would actually come up from the drain hole of the bedpan. At that time, I said that I would not come again." Ms. Li, who lives nearby, said with a lingering fear after learning that the gas tank in this store exploded.

　　In view of whether the liquefied gas cylinders in the store are qualified, Yang Jun, a staff member of the Environmental Protection Department of Shajing Sub-district Office in Honggutan New District, Nanchang, told the reporter that they had organized personnel to carry out safety inspection and registration for restaurants in this street for many times, and issued relevant safety notices.

　　"We have been to this store many times, telling them not to go to some unqualified second-hand dealers to can gas privately, because all aspects of quality and safety are not up to standard, and we have not bought corresponding insurance, but the other party just won’t listen." Yang Jun said.

　　At present, the cause of the accident is under further investigation.

Most comedies in this world will pass by in the long river of time, but Chaplin and his movies are always unforgettable.

Chaplin’s works always give us complex feelings after laughing.

As Zhao Lihong, the author of this article, said: "When you are not in the world, watching Chaplin’s movies is only funny, funny and full of joy. Grow up a little, look again, laugh and cry, feel warmth, and feel compassion. "

The character who bears this complex emotion in the film is one of the most important roles since the comedy film was born-the gentleman tramp played by Chaplin: Charlot.

He has a hat on his head, oversized shoes, tight clothes, fat pants and a civilized stick in his hand … Yes, everyone remembers him, because "in Charlot, we saw ourselves who were lonely, hardworking, but never successful".

How did Chaplin finally create the classic image of "Charlot" on the basis of his wandering growing experience in his youth? And why can "Charlot" impress generations of audiences in 100 years?

In the following, we will explore these issues together and review the classics of film history created by Chaplin …

The following excerpt is from Seven and a Half Directors, with the subtitle drafted by the editor and pushed by the publishing house.

Charlie Chaplin

Of human nature, the most human

-Chaplin and His Movie World

Text | Zhao Lihong

1. Happiness originates from sadness.

Watching Chaplin’s movies when nothing is going on is just funny, funny and full of joy. Grow up a little, look again, laugh and cry, feel warmth, and feel compassion.

Every time I see the same details, for example, in the scene of Charlot, a glassmaker, and his son escaping from the police in The Story of Finding a Fairy, the son rolled to his father like a ball, as if there was a thread holding him, but his father kicked him away, but he couldn’t get rid of the sticky sugar, so he laughed.

See "City Lights" in which a blind girl touches the hand of Charlot, a tramp, "recognizes" him and says "it’s you", and cries.

What is the charm of Chaplin and his movie world, which can make audiences of different ages and cultural levels all laugh, or wipe their tears, and watch it many times without getting tired?

Now that I think about it, as for the state of being skilled, it seems that it is not so important. The most important thing is that his heart is so soft and full of love and affection for people and the world. He has such a deep insight into the world, predicts the future and deeply understands all kinds of human nature …

Yes, it was Chaplin’s movies that made me feel love, warmth and pity at the earliest, and let the southern girl know that happiness originated from sadness, and sadness is for endless joy; It is also Chaplin’s movies that make me, who is over 500 years old and gradually aging, realize loving and being loved, and realize more loneliness and anxiety and fear everywhere …

When I wrote these words, the little man in a bowler hat appeared in front of my eyes, smiling shyly, feminine and neurotic, which seemed to transcend time and seemed to freeze at a certain point in time; He raised his eyebrows and stared at his round eyes, just like Calvero at the end of his life in "Stage Life", with his eyes wide open and looking at the audience. Those eyes are full of so much desire and novelty, so affectionate, so lonely and so frightened …

The Classic Comedy Image Created by Chaplin —— Charlot

Second, the comedy master’s boyhood

Charlot, a symbolic figure, has a unique style.

Look at this iconic outfit:

He wears a round hat (even if he runs away in a hurry, he doesn’t forget to pick up the falling hat, bow and put it on, which has the demeanor of "the gentleman dies and the crown is inevitable");

A pair of broken gloves (in the story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, someone upstairs dumped garbage and soiled these gloves and had to throw them away);

Leaning on a bamboo cane (a gentleman’s civilized stick is a gentle wave of his hand, high above and bossing around, but in the hands of a tramp, there is more than one thing, but sometimes it is a crutch to support a hungry tramp);

Too narrow and tight coat shows holes, which can’t cover a pair of baggy trousers (in the opening ceremony of "City Light", these trousers were stabbed by the sword of the idol and have been broken ever since);

A pair of extra-large leather shoes (in The Gold Rush, a shoe is boiled and eaten; In "Stage Life", Calvero gave these shoes a close-up, recreating their glory, aging and death.

This mismatch makes Charlot look funny from head to toe. He has tall eyebrows, wide eyes, a funny trapezoidal black beard (Chaplin said that beard symbolizes vanity) and waddles with duck steps.

Stage Life, filmed in 1952, tells the story of an old and declining comedian and a young ballerina. Chaplin plays the comedian Calvero.

Charlot’s walking posture was not created by Chaplin, nor did Chaplin adopt this image from the beginning. He used to play various roles under the name "Charles" (French) or "Chas" (British abbreviation), and only after he appeared in more than ten films did he decide to adopt this stylized costume, typical facial makeup and walking posture. He changed his name to "Charlie" and the French publisher translated it as "Charlot".

From then on, a stylized and eternal Charlot was born, and audiences all over the world will always remember Charlot. At first, Chaplin couldn’t clearly grasp the personality of Charlot. Once he put on the costume that belongs to Charlot alone, he seemed to get mysterious hints, his imagination stretched, and jokes poured out one by one, making Charlot whole.

Chaplin explained Charlot like this:

You see, this is a man with multiple personalities. He is a tramp and a gentleman; He is a poet and a dreamer. He is lonely, longing for romance and adventure. He expects others to regard him as a scientist, musician, or a duke and a polo player. In fact, he can only pick up cigarette butts and grab children’s candy. When he is extremely angry, he will seize the opportunity to kick those ladies’ ass. (Autobiography of Chaplin)

This Charlot that Chaplin said is himself. Indeed, Charlot created by Chaplin in his early days has his own shadow. In other words, Charlot was born from Chaplin’s life experience.

On April 16th, 1889, Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in East Street, Wolves District, London. His family first lived in a nice house in St George’s Road West Square, Lambeth District, and later lived in 287 Kennington Road and 3 Barnard Lane.

His father, Charles Chaplin Sr., is the "leading singer" of the troupe. He has toured in Britain, the United States, France and other countries, and became famous for singing grotesque alto.

His mother, Hana Hill, took the stage at the age of 16. Chaplin said that when she danced, her posture was "amazing", and she was good at singing and dancing, and she was very talented in drama performance. "Her vivid expression and tone are really beyond the reach of ordinary people";

After their parents got married, they performed funny duets together in various amusement parks in Britain, which was very popular.

Obviously, Chaplin’s acting talent is inherited from his parents. Most importantly, he remembered his mother’s words, "First of all, we should do well what we should do in this world."

He remembered:

That afternoon, in that gloomy basement, my mother brought the unique kindness light in this world into my heart. Only in this light can the theme of love, kindness and humanity in literature and drama be so great, rich and brilliant. (Autobiography of Chaplin)

This is also the earliest reason why Chaplin’s films are full of kindness and humanity.

In 1925, "The Gold Rush" tells the story of a tramp from gold panning to becoming a rich man and harvesting love. Chaplin plays the tramp Charlot.

The happy life of Chaplin’s family lasted only about four years.

Because of his father’s alcoholism, his parents finally separated, and old Charles lived with another woman, and his health gradually deteriorated and he fell into poverty. Before he died at the age of 37, someone else organized a welfare performance for him. Chaplin later organized a benefit performance for old Calvero in "Stage Career". Calvero died on the stage. He was once a lonely father and an aging Chaplin.

Chaplin longed for his father’s love all his life.

After the separation of parents, mother lost her voice and couldn’t perform on stage any more, so she had to mend clothes to support the Chaplin brothers. Mother finally lost her mind and was sent to an insane asylum several times.

Young Chaplin (7 to 12 years old) faced two possibilities:

First, he was sent to an orphanage, first to the Rambes Institute for the Poor, and then to the Hanwell School for the Poor and Orphans (three children who lost their fathers in Modern Times and the little street children in The Search for a Fairy);

One is sent to prison (the girl who steals bananas and bread in Modern Times).

The Chaplin brothers lived in constant fear, and for a period of time, they became little vagrants in Kennington block, picking up fruits and vegetables in market ditches and sleeping on benches in squares or parks. Before the age of 12, in order to support his family, Chaplin worked as a newsboy, a printer, a toy vendor, a clinic helper, a glass-blowing apprentice, and a small actor in Lancashire Theatre …

"Life makes him feel like a blind mouse cornered, waiting for his own club." (Joseph Conrad)

This riff-raff experience, the taste of hunger, bullying, being hurt, fear, loneliness and longing for love became the starting point of all Chaplin’s films. "Although he is not the only director who depicts hunger, he is the only one who has personally experienced the taste of hunger" (andre bazan).

After he became famous all over the world, he never confessed his childhood experience. In 1943, Chaplin wrote this in a letter of condolences to the citizens of London who were bombed by Hitler:

I will always remember Lambeth, and I will always remember the room in the attic No.3 in Bonaire Lane where I spent my childhood. At that time, I kept climbing up and down the three-story stairs to pour dirty water, and now it is still in front of my eyes.

Hayley, the grocer in Chester Street, seems to be just around the corner now; I used to buy ten catties of coal and a penny of vegetables. I still remember Huasong, who sells meat, who can buy some leftover meat for a penny. I also remember the grocer Al, who spent two coppers to reach into a box full of scraps of cakes in his shop to get something to eat. Everything is in my memory. I left Rambes, its suffering and its filth … (georges sadoul’s The Life of Chaplin)

The Story of Finding a Fairy, filmed in 1921, tells the story of a poor woman who abandoned her child, was picked up by a tramp, and was brought up. Later, the child found her biological mother. Chaplin played the tramp Charlot.

Searching for a Fairy and Stage Life are two of Chaplin’s most autobiographical films. The latter is about his aging and death. Charlot, a tramp in The Search for a Fairy, is an adult Chaplin, and Jacques, a little boy, is his childhood.

First, Chaplin saw 5-year-old Jacques Cogan. The little boy wore a cap, a sweater with a hole, and trousers with a belt, which was exactly the same as his childhood. Perhaps it was this child who aroused his childhood memories and came up with The Story of Finding a Fairy.

Chaplin shifted his longing for his father’s love to little Jacques’s attachment to Charlot, and in the film he faithfully reproduced the scene of living alone with his mother in the attic of Bonaire Lane. In the film, the mother first abandoned the little boy Jacques and found him again; The reality is that my father abandoned their mother and son, and my mother went crazy and had to leave Chaplin.

Some studies believe that Chaplin also has a tendency to be insane. At least, the loneliness and fear of childhood made him fall into the tendency of autism. He often confined himself in a room for a long time and didn’t talk to anyone. In his heart, his strong sense of anxiety and fear, and his strong desire for women’s love are all due to his severely damaged childhood.

Perhaps it is through movies that Chaplin constantly reshapes and reproduces the experiences and pains of street children that he can vent his anger and avoid his mental breakdown.

It took a whole year from the filming to the completion of "Finding a Fairy", which was his first feature film and was released in February 1921.

In September of the same year, Chaplin returned to London after a long absence, and received an unprecedented grand welcome. Within three days, he received 73,000 letters, postcards, etc. The luxurious Ritz Hotel was surrounded by excited people. Chaplin sneaked out from the side door of the hotel and drove to Lambeth, the neighborhood where he lived as a child.

The brick house in Baonaer Lane is still dilapidated, and the stairs are still dark, smelly and creaking. He climbed to the top floor and knocked at the door at one breath. The top floor room is almost the same as the room built for filming The Story of Finding the Fairy: "A bed is against the wall, two chairs, an old table, kerosene lamps glow dimly, and the kettle on the iron stove is humming." (georges sadoul)

This room is the small attic at No.3 Baonaer Lane, where Chaplin and his mother finally lived together. After her mother left crazily, the furnishings of this room did not change at all. The tenant at that time was Mrs. Reynolds, who solemnly received this great unexpected visitor. Chaplin cried …

There are two other things that influenced Chaplin’s life in the neighborhood where he lived and wandered in his childhood.

In 1931, "City Lights" told the love story of a tramp and a flower girl, and Chaplin played the tramp Charlot.

One night, lonely little Chaplin dragged his tired and hungry body wandering on Kennington Road-

Suddenly, a burst of intoxicating music came from the lobby of the White Deer Hotel at the corner and echoed melodiously in the empty and deserted square. How sweet it sounded. This piece of music is full of emotion and lively tone. I have never paid attention to such touching music. It really gives people a warm and comfortable feeling (Autobiography of Chaplin).

Chaplin followed the music and forgot his miserable situation.

According to georges sadoul, Chaplin Jr. was fascinated by the music of the street organ, and would involuntarily follow him through several streets and improvise with the music. Music is so sweet, so mysterious, it speaks directly and conveys love.

At the age of 16, Chaplin began to play the violin, practicing for four or five hours every day, eager to become a chief violinist. The girl who danced to the music in the street in Modern Times, Charlot who sang impromptu in the restaurant, and the Jewish barber who shaved his head with the rhythm of music in The Great Dictator all conveyed Chaplin’s love for music, which is to reproduce his childhood musical memory, right?

Many directors began to make movies with sound, but Chaplin was still infatuated with silent films, thinking that pantomime was the real art, and he personally provided the music for the film-"A wonderful concert added emotion to my laughter. Hazlitt once said that a work of art without feelings is not complete at all. " Emotional music makes the silent picture flow, the characters come alive, and the silent film has a soul.

On another occasion, on the road in Kennington, Chaplin saw people killing sheep, and the sheep escaped. People ran around to catch sheep, and there was chaos everywhere. The scene was very funny. He burst into laughter at the sight. But the sheep was finally caught back and eventually killed. This sad reality made him very sad again. He ran home and cried to his mother, "They are going to kill it! They are going to kill it! "

Chaplin said: "So later I often guessed that the theme of the tragicomedy mixed in my movies might have originated from this incident." (Autobiography of Chaplin) This is also the reason why his films can make people "tremble with laughter, but can’t stop tears from flowing up" (louis aragon). !

3. Only when facing love can he be brave and witty.

Charlot, of course, is not just Chaplin’s own export.

There is no doubt that a director or writer can impress his audience (readers) only by starting from himself and sincerely pouring out his feelings, anxiety, confusion and love. Through "watching", the audience finds the part that belongs to their own humanity in the object, which is empathy, or "empathy" and "empathy".

We see our hesitation, cowardice and confusion in Hamlet, and we also see ourselves in Charlot.

The Great Dictator, filmed in 1940, tells the story of a great dictator who brutally persecuted Jews and tried to rule the world. Chaplin played the role of dictator henkel and Jewish barber Charlot.

Dressed like a gentleman, Charlot is sometimes a porter, cleaner and repairman, sometimes a snow shovel, a glass changer and an assembly line screw, sometimes a soldier, a waiter, a night watchman, a circus handyman, and sometimes a dreamer, a gold digger and a girl-pleasing singer.

In a word, Charlot is at the bottom of society. If anything happens to him, death, disease or crime, it is just a "small probability event" that happens by chance in the process of social development. All those who are insulted and damaged are just a piece of paper stuck to the soles of shoes in the eyes of those who are above, and can be wiped off casually.

However, from Charlot’s point of view, he never wanted to resist, and he was by no means a revolutionary with firm convictions or a sociopath with strong inner strength. On the contrary, he tries to emulate a gentleman and is willing to be a positive, cheerful and enterprising young man.

That set of Charlot-style clothes is his imitation of "successful people". He learns from a gentleman to politely take off his hat and bow, holding a cigar or cigarette butt he picked up.

In Modern Times, Charlot is in prison, drinking coffee "elegantly" by imitating the wife of an inspector.

In the shabby house, he imitated a gentleman to get up and swim in the morning and read the newspaper while eating breakfast;

Charlot and the girl were chased by the police, hungry and tired, sitting on the grass in front of a middle-class garden house, and he cheerfully described the future for the girl:

They have such a garden house. When Charlot came home from work, his beautiful wife greeted him. When he wanted to drink milk, the cows came over automatically and wanted to eat grapes. They could pick them at the window. They were sitting at the table covered with beautiful tablecloths and happily cutting big meat and bread …

The "illusion" disappeared, and Charlot and the girl were still sitting in front of others, still hungry and homeless. When they saw the police, they quickly got up and ran away …

When we see these scenes, we will never laugh at Charlot’s "superficial" pursuit, instead, our eyes are covered with tears … Isn’t this the basic requirement of a pair of ordinary people for food and clothing? Aren’t those "successful people" leading and shaping the life direction and meaning of the bottom people?

So far, I will see Charlot in my kind relatives, watching them learn from the polite manners of the upper class, trying to increase their knowledge, and believing in the news fed by the media.

However, the gentlemen who Charlot tried to emulate, those who made the rules of the game and led the trend of life, in turn mocked and despised Charlot, saying that they were just "fools" and "untouchables". Once the trouble happened, Charlot was the first to be abandoned, trampled and sacrificed.

Charlot has all the shortcomings of ordinary people.

He is lazy (in "Modern Times", he secretly smokes a cigarette while going to the toilet, and then files his nails when he returns to the assembly line, so that it is cost-effective for his colleagues to work for one more minute);

In 1936, "Modern Times" told the love story of a oppressed worker and a homeless woman. Chaplin played the role of worker Charlot.

He is slick (in Modern Times, the mechanic’s crushed pocket watch, he said, can be used as a shovel);

He was late (the cleaner in City Lights);

He is stupid (in "Modern Times", he looked for a wooden wedge but made the ship leave the dock halfway);

He is clever (in "Modern Times", the factory recruits workers, and Charlot suddenly turns left and right among the unemployed job seekers, and squeezes in one second before the factory gate closes);

He is bad (in the story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, he first lets the children throw stones and break the glass of others, and then pretends to be a glassmaker to change the glass; In The Gold Rush, in order to buy Christmas presents for the girls, he shoveled the snow for others, shoveled the snow from one family to the next door, and then shoveled it.

He lost no time in teasing the woman;

He stole the cigars from the shop;

In the face of boxers who are bigger and stronger than him, he shows a flattering smile of women …

Because of these shortcomings, Charlot is rich, diverse and full of personality.

Charlot’s human shortcomings are shared by us, so we can empathize with them, and we can be deeply moved by the father-son relationship between Charlot and Little Jacques in The Story of Finding the Son and Meeting the Fairy. Chaplin has no intention of portraying Charlot as a morally perfect person who does good without asking for anything in return.

Charlot didn’t want to adopt an abandoned baby when he first found it at the garbage bin on the street corner. How can a homeless man who has never had a child and has never had a meal before raise a baby? But it is this lazy, sloppy and idle tramp who still retains the softest kindness and instinctive love of human nature. He instinctively picked up the child and looked around, trying to give it back to his mother.

Ironically, several times, he tried to give the child to a mother pushing a stroller, and several times he tried to give it to the policeman, but it didn’t work, because he was considered to be the one who wanted to abandon his child. Charlot’s unwillingness to take responsibility and shirk trouble is completely in line with human nature. He took in the abandoned baby Jacker only under the condition of necessity.

From the initial forced admission to living alone with the child, the little child brought him infinite joy and comforted his loneliness. The arrival of the abandoned baby made his small attic with tearful warmth, and the light of love sprinkled on the dirty bed, floor, windowsill and steaming pot. It was really a paradise on earth. Abandoning a baby is an angel who brings the gospel, so Charlot is reborn, and his kindness, dedication, courage, and the noblest affection and love are all aroused.

From forced adoption, to bravely and tactfully taking back the child from the orphanage car, to the loss of the child, all these are in line with the development of human nature and human feelings. The audience will laugh at Charlot’s teaching children to smash the glass with stones and then pretend to repair it. They will also cry when little Jacques is taken to the orphanage car …

Charlot, who lost her child, dreamed of becoming an angel with her son, as if to fly over the dark and miserable world. When she was swimming happily, suddenly, her wings were broken and planted. How lonely and confused it was-a tramp would never fly out of this world …

In 1918, "Joining the Army" tells the story of a gag recruit who won great achievements in the war and woke up only to find that it was a daydream. Chaplin played the role of recruit Charlot.

Charlot, who is full of shortcomings, only shows his noble character when facing love. The story of finding a son and meeting a fairy is like this, and so is the light of the city. After meeting a blind girl, the tramp stopped fooling around and became a conscientious cleaner in order to support her life. In order to cure her eyes, she "snatched" the money that the rich man gave him at night to default during the day and went to prison.

Charlot sweetly played a rich man who supported the blind girl, and accompanied her tenderly. The blind girl said a few words of thanks, and he gave the last bill he wanted to leave for himself to the blind girl. When he heard the blind girl say happily that if her eyes were healed, she could see him, and she immediately showed a frightened expression-ah, how contradictory he was. Of course, he hoped that the blind girl would see the light again, but how lost and sad she would be if she saw that she was not a graceful gentleman, but a tramp in rags.

At the end of the film, when Charlot comes out of prison, his bamboo cane is lost, his hair is getting messy, his pants are getting torn, and he looks so unlucky and sloppy that even the urchin teases him badly, and he falls awkwardly … Just then, he sees his blind girl.

Her eyes are healed, and she is looking at him from the flower shop and giving him a flower with pity and tenderness. When she touches his hand, she finds that this tramp is the "he" she is waiting for. What a shock, surprise and pity her eyes reveal!

At this time, Charlot just smiled and looked at the beautiful girl obsessively, without saying a word. Joy and fear, happiness and sadness came crashing down, pretending to be a gentleman was debunked, and his dignity collapsed. At the same time, a glorious and eternal love of human nature rose again. Through these subtle details and classic bridges, Chaplin excavated the most human part of Charlot with his kind heart, which deeply touched the audience.

Charlot, a tramp, is funny and humble, noble and beautiful, and his dreamy love stirs up laughter and crying in my heart, like music bouncing off an echo wall, echoing in circles and spreading for a long time …

Yes, Charlot was brave and witty and burst into passion only when he faced love. More often, when faced with all kinds of difficulties, this low-level nobody always tries to avoid, deceive himself, or is satisfied with solving problems superficially for a short time. He can do nothing but turn a blind eye to the essence of his predicament.

The short film "The Story of Charlow Joining the Army" is regarded as "making Chaplin rise to Shakespeare’s level for the first time" (georges sadoul), and Delluc said that it is "a film in which no one can bite his hand, and it is a film of crazy self-pity". In this film, there is a classic funny scene: when the enemy catches up, Charlot pretends to be a tree and does not move. There is a similar scene in Circus. In order to escape the police chase, Charlot stands motionless and dresses up as a game puppet …

Circus, taken in 1928, tells the story of a tramp who won money but lost love after being wooed by the circus. Chaplin plays the tramp Charlot.

In the face of pressure and predicament, Charlot seems to be only looking for an emergency solution, like a cat catching a mouse, and the mouse subconsciously defends itself. Once the trick is "poked" and the emergency measures fail, it can only flee again and find a new emergency solution.

Charlot is clever, and he seems to have the ability to cope with any situation; Charlot is clumsy again. He has never been able to solve the real problem. He just uses one appearance to overcome another appearance. The problem still exists, and his actions are particularly ridiculous and helpless.

Charlot also made a famous move, that is, "kicking backwards": when he was in trouble, whether it was a banana peel that made him slip or a great danger, his way was to turn around, take him by surprise, kick backwards, and then run away quickly, no matter how hard he escaped.

He kicked back happily, as if to kick off all the fetters that bound him and controlled him. It seems that because of this kick, he gained liberation and freedom, gained the courage to overcome difficulties, and then he could happily deal with new problems.

This kind of "kick backwards" is like "Twenty years later, another hero" written by Lu Xun’s Ah Q. However, Ah Q’s self-deception is more negative and gloomy, and Charlot has a more cheerful, lively and "upward" flavor. Although the audience knows that Charlot can’t solve any problems.

When we saw Charlot, a tramp, we repeated some actions with earnest devotion:

Trying to climb into the carriage, trying to sleep in bed after getting drunk, or trying very hard to find a job, go for gold, shovel snow, and please girls, tears of sympathy and pity welled up at the same time when we laughed at his ridiculous efforts.

Jean Cocqueteaux said, "Isn’t Charlot Kafka’s surveyor K?"

This K, no matter how hard he tries, will never get into the castle, nor see the officials in the castle, and will never solve his confusion.

Hou Mai said: "Funny is a gesture of people in fear. Because fear makes people involuntarily break away from the regular rhythm. "

In the pursuit of inertia, when moving chairs repeatedly, we saw a little person who was in a hurry and had to work hard to overcome the fear of life.

In Charlot, we see ourselves who are lonely, hardworking, but never successful. We see our own humbleness and dignity, anxiety and joy, selfishness and dedication, pity and love in a nobody …

Attachment: List of Chaplin’s Works

Countess from hong kong, 1967

King in new york, 1957

Stage Life, 1952

Mr. Verdu, 1947

The Great Dictator 1940

Modern Times, 1936

City Lights, 1931

Circus, 1928

Gold Rush, 1925

Pilgrim, 1923

A Woman in Paris, 1923.

Payday, 1922

The story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, 1921

Leisure Class, 1921

Pastoral in 1919

"Joining the Army" in 1918

Life of a Dog, 1918

Immigration, 1917

Easy Street, 1917

Tramp, 1915

Between showers, 1914

Making a living, 1914

This article is excerpted from

Seven and a half directors

Author: Zhao Lihong

Press: Guangxi Normal University Press Poet Thinker

Publication year: 2022-6

Original title: "Some comedies are forgotten after watching them, but Chaplin has always stayed in our hearts."

Read the original text

　　One of the so-called rhetoric that the United States launched its economic and trade war with China is to label China’s economic system with a brand that is not new — — "State capitalism". This view holds that China’s socialist market economy is not a real market economy, and China is a state-led economy that practices protectionism and mercantilism. Its main basis is that China implements state-owned economy, government intervention, industrial policies, and so on. In fact, this is not the first time that the West has labeled China’s economic model as "state capitalism". Behind the theory of "state capitalism" mentioned by some people, the deep-seated reasons for their economic and trade war against China are actually hidden, that is, the road dispute and the system dispute.

　　First, who is the real "state capitalism"

　　What exactly is "state capitalism"? If we understand its connotation and essence, we can see the truth of some people’s hype about this topic.

　　State capitalism, a concept put forward by Lenin, is used to describe the stage characteristics of capitalist development, which shows that the role of the state is constantly increasing in the process of capitalist development, and it mainly includes two meanings: first, it refers to the control of state power over enterprises, and "state capitalism is a kind of capitalism in which state power directly controls these or those capitalist enterprises under the capitalist system". Second, it refers to the state’s supervision and regulation of capitalist economic development. "Monopoly capitalism is changing to state monopoly capitalism. Due to the situation, many countries implement social regulation of production and distribution." According to the current "state capitalism" theorists, state capitalism and liberal capitalism are two diametrically opposed forms of capitalism. However, by examining historical facts, we can find that the emergence and development of capitalism has never been separated from the role of the state. In the story of the so-called "rise of the western world", the state plays an extremely important role. When Marx talked about primitive accumulation of capital in Das Kapital, he clearly pointed out that the factors of British capital accumulation "were systematically integrated into colonial system, national debt system, modern tax system and protective tariff system at the end of 17th century. Some of these methods are based on the most brutal violence, such as the colonial system. But all these methods use state power, that is, centralized and organized social violence,To vigorously promote the transformation process from feudal mode of production to capitalist mode of production and shorten the transition time. " After the establishment of the capitalist system, the principles of free competition and free trade have gradually gained a dominant position, but the intervention of capitalist countries in the economy has not subsided. In fact, free trade and protectionism, free competition and state intervention are intertwined, which is a main line in the evolution of the capitalist system. Some western capitalist countries that have risen in history, including Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Japan, etc., have played an extremely important role in economic development during their economic take-off stage. At the end of the 19th century, driven by the second industrial revolution, the concentration of production and capital accompanied by the socialization of production developed rapidly, capitalism entered the monopoly stage from free competition, and production and economic activities were increasingly concentrated in a few large capitals, resulting in an obvious monopoly trend. In particular, the position of financial capital in economic life was constantly improved, which not only controlled the economic lifeline of the country, but also began to grasp the political power of the country and penetrated its influence into all aspects of social life. During the two world wars, monopoly capitalism was further transformed into state monopoly capitalism. After the Second World War, capitalist countries have fully intervened in economic life from the aspects of production, distribution, exchange, consumption, etc., through various means such as fiscal policy, monetary policy, income policy, industrial policy, science and technology policy, environmental policy and nationalization, and their intervention in the economy has been unprecedentedly strengthened, and their integration with monopoly capital has become increasingly close.The development of capitalism has officially entered the stage of state monopoly capitalism. After the 1980s, neo-liberalism became the administrative philosophy of the British and American governments, and the state’s intervention in the economy was challenged to some extent, but it never withdrew from the historical stage.

　　Although the United States is known as the representative of free market economy and free capitalism, in fact, the role of the state in economic development is also very obvious and important. Historically, the United States is the birthplace and base camp of modern trade protectionism. From the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the end of World War II, it has been implementing trade protectionism policies. The once famous "American School" in the history of economic theory is famous for its distinctive protectionism and other state intervention propositions. After the Second World War, the United States began to promote trade liberalization for its own interests, but the state’s intervention in the economy increased. Keynesian economics became the mainstream of American economics and once dominated the formulation of national economic policies. For example, the proportion of total US government expenditure in GDP rose from 26.8% in 1960 to 41.3% in 2010; The number of American government employees increased from more than 4 million in 1940 to more than 22 million in 2010. Some experts who study innovation point out that as an advocate of small government and free market theory, the United States has been implementing large-scale public investment plans in technology and innovation for decades, thus laying the foundation for its past and present economic success. From the Internet to biotechnology and even shale gas development, the US government has always been the core driver of innovation-led growth. Therefore, the United States is a typical representative of an "entrepreneurial country", and any other country in the world wants to imitate the American model.They should act according to the actual behavior of the United States, not according to the American statement. After the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008, the United States once again offered the magic weapon of state intervention and launched a large-scale financial rescue plan and fiscal stimulus plan to stabilize the economy and promote growth. After the Trump administration came to power, it vigorously implemented national interventionist policies such as trade protection, immigration restrictions, and industrial return. In order to achieve the goal of "US priority", it did not hesitate to sacrifice the interests of people all over the world.

　　It can be seen that the so-called pure free market economy and free capitalism have never really existed, and the existing capitalism is inseparable from state capitalism. Samuelson, an American economist, clearly pointed out in his book Economics that in all developed industrialized societies, we all see a mixed economy, that is, the market determines the price and output of most private sector products, while the government uses tax, expenditure and monetary management plans to regulate the operation of the overall economy. Niall ferguson, a famous economic historian, pointed out in his article We Are All State Capitalists that it is too simplistic and wrong to attribute the competition between China and the United States to the global institutional competition between state capitalism and the free market. Obviously, to label socialist China and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s market economy as "state capitalism" is really arrogant, and this "laurel" China can’t afford it.

　　Second, what is the intention of the "state capitalism" theorists?

　　After the international financial crisis in 2008, developed capitalist countries such as Europe and the United States fell into economic difficulties, while countries such as China remained strong, especially the rise and fall of the relative strength between China and the United States, which made the internal contradictions of developed countries and the structural contradictions with emerging economies such as China in the world economic system more and more prominent. On the one hand, it is impossible for some countries to turn a blind eye to the rapid development of China; on the other hand, they are even more reluctant to attribute China’s success to the socialist system led by communist party. Thus, a category originally proposed by Lenin belongs to socialist political economy rather than western economics — — "State capitalism" has become an exclusive concept used by some people to explain and attack emerging market economies such as China. Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton once claimed that the rise of "state capitalism" constituted an economic and strategic challenge to the United States. Ian Bremer, an American scholar, put forward in the book The End of Free Market: Who Won the War between Countries and Companies published in 2010 that the conflict between "state capitalism" and "free capitalism" in emerging economies such as China is essentially a war between emerging economies and private companies in developed countries. In January 2012, The Economist published a series of articles entitled "The Rise of State Capitalism"."State capitalism" subsequently became the theme of the debate in the Davos Forum. "State capitalism", a category of political economy, seems to have been transformed into a major challenge related to system, politics and ideology in the West. At present, the intensity of the economic and trade war launched by the United States is unprecedented, and its theoretical and public opinion bases have not deviated from the track of so-called "anti-state capitalism". The topic of "state capitalism" once again thrown by some American politicians is just the same old tune. The difference is that "anti-state capitalism" seems to have become a paranoid idea among some American politicians, and it is trying to turn it into a series of trade hegemonic policies against China.

　　The purpose of "state capitalism" theorists is very clear, that is, to use the opposition between so-called "state capitalism" and "liberal capitalism" to defend capitalism and create public opinion to curb the development of developing countries, especially China. On the one hand, it tries to shift and cover up people’s doubts about the profound drawbacks of the capitalist system, and attribute the crisis of the capitalist system caused by the basic contradictions of capitalism to the threat of "state capitalism". On the other hand, he directed his finger at Socialism with Chinese characteristics, tried his best to distort, discredit and slander China’s socialist market economic system, tried to shake people’s confidence in Socialism with Chinese characteristics system and socialist market economic system, forced China to give up the successful road and system proved by practice, and finally curbed China’s development.

　　Historical experience is worth noting. On the issue of "state capitalism", some countries have always implemented double standards: when they need state support for capital accumulation, they will resort to protectionism and state intervention; When it has obvious competitive advantages, it requires other countries to unconditionally open their markets and forcibly promote free trade to profit from it; When its competitive advantage slowly disappeared due to the catch-up of the late-developing countries, it once again raised the banner of trade protectionism. On the one hand, make use of free trade in the world market to give full play to the advantages of domestic monopoly capital over backward countries, and strive to maintain the monopoly position of domestic capital in the market and technology; On the other hand, take various protectionist measures to curb the capital of other countries — — Whether it is state-owned capital or private capital — — Competition, impact and catch-up. This kind of economic logic pretends to be ideological "orthodoxy" and interprets the advantages of competitors as ideological "heresy". Liszt, the representative of the German historical school, used the saying of "drawing a ladder" to make a wonderful metaphor for this trick: when a person has climbed to the peak, he will kick off the ladder he used when climbing gradually, so as not to let others follow him.

　　There are always people who try to bring China into the capitalist pedigree, or take it for granted that China’s market economy will automatically enter the capitalist pedigree. At that time, when China decided to implement the socialist market economy system, some people always asked such questions, saying that it was good for China to develop a market economy, but why did you put the word "socialism" in front of it? They always felt uncomfortable and uncomfortable with these words. When Socialism with Chinese characteristics is on a par with western capitalism in a better and better development state, some of them would rather stick to their old discourse system and interpret China as "state capitalism" than admit that the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system and the socialist market economy have great vitality and achieved success that they do not want to see. This is the essence and logic of their argument of "state capitalism".

　　Third, distorting the socialist market economic system with economic hegemonism

　　Western capitalist countries have always regarded the market economy as their own exclusive and patent, which seems to be a "truth" in western economic theory. But market economy and capitalism are two different things. Market economy is a way of resource allocation, which can be combined with both the capitalist system and the socialist system. The capitalist market economy and the socialist market economy have something in common in the way of resource allocation and the relationship between commodity economy. For example, they all require market players to maintain equal competition, have clear property rights relations, and give play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. The trade and investment activities between China and capitalist countries, including the United States, are essentially based on the commonness of market economy. At present, the macro-control policies implemented in China are also in line with the laws of the market economy and the provisions of the WTO.

　　At the same time, we must see that market economy is a social and historical concept, which has different characteristics in different social systems and historical development stages. Developing countries are different from developed countries, socialism is different from capitalism, and they are also developed capitalist countries. There are also so-called "Anglo-— The difference between Saxon model and Rhine model. Socialist market economy is a new type of market economy, which not only has the general characteristics of market economy, but also is fundamentally different from capitalist market economy in ownership structure, distribution system and institutional mechanism. Confusing the social system with the market economy, the generality of the market economy with the particularity of the market economy, denying that China is practicing the market economy by the role of the government and the existence of state-owned enterprises, and then recognizing that China is practicing "state capitalism" is an outdated understanding of the market economy mistakes.

　　It is also untenable to equate state-owned enterprises with "state capitalism". State-owned enterprises are an institutional form adapted to modern mass production, which exists in both capitalist and socialist societies. In fact, state-owned enterprises first appeared in western capitalist countries. After the Second World War, some developed capitalist countries set off a large wave of nationalization and established a large number of state-owned enterprises, which spread all over the national economy. Even at the peak of privatization, western countries still retained a considerable scale of state-owned enterprises. During the outbreak and deepening of the international financial crisis in 2008, western countries nationalized a large number of enterprises to cope with the economic depression caused by the financial crisis. It can be seen that the state-owned enterprises in western countries also have the function of regulating the basic contradictions of capitalism to a certain extent. However, we should also see that the nature and role of state-owned enterprises are different with different social systems. State-owned enterprises in western countries are essentially controlled by a few big capitalists behind the government, and ultimately serve them to make profits. In the socialist market economy, state-owned enterprises are owned by the whole people, and they are an important force to promote national modernization and safeguard the common interests of the people. They shoulder many important tasks such as providing public services, developing important forward-looking strategic industries, protecting the ecological environment, supporting scientific and technological progress, ensuring national security, promoting fair distribution, and achieving common prosperity. They are of a socialist nature. Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake. The fundamental reason why some western politicians attacked China’s state-owned enterprises,It is China’s state-owned enterprises that keep improving, becoming stronger and bigger, which can better provide a reliable guarantee for China’s development, for China to build itself into a socialist modern power in an all-round way and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which they are extremely unwilling to see.

　　It is even more incredible to equate the role of the government with "state capitalism". The relationship between the government and the market is the theme of the evolution of the modern market economy system. They complement each other and are inseparable, which is the objective law of the development of the market economy under the conditions of socialized mass production. Whether it is a capitalist market economy or a socialist market economy, it is inseparable from the effective regulation of the government, including formulating market rules, providing public goods, maintaining macroeconomic stability, improving the social security system, and safeguarding national economic security. The difference is that the capitalist market economy is based on private ownership, and the government is the spokesman of capital and serves the interests of monopoly capital. Therefore, it is difficult to make effective adjustments to economic and social development from the interests of the whole society, so as to overcome the basic contradiction between socialization of production and capitalist private ownership of means of production and solve the problems of market failure and market defects. The socialist market economy is dominated by public ownership, and the government is the representative of all the people and serves the interests of the people. Therefore, it is possible to effectively regulate and control economic and social development from the overall social situation and long-term interests, so as to promote sustained and healthy economic development, meet the growing needs of the people for a better life, and achieve common prosperity for all the people.

　　In a word, the difference between the socialist market economy and the capitalist market economy is not whether the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation, nor whether the government plays a role or not, but whether the state-owned enterprises exist or not, but whether it takes capital as the center and serves monopoly capital or people as the center and serves the people.

　　The logic of the theory of "state capitalism" advocated by some people is: in a capitalist market economy, as long as the state intervenes in the economy to serve private ownership and capital interests, then no matter how much government intervention, it belongs to the "free market system", while in a socialist market economy, as long as communist party’s leadership and socialist system are adhered to, no matter how much government intervention, it belongs to the "state capitalism"; If western countries support their own enterprises to enter the international market, it belongs to the "free market system", and if emerging market countries support their own enterprises, it belongs to "state capitalism". This is a typical economic hegemonic logic.

　　Four, the socialist revolution and construction of "state capitalism" problem

　　From the historical development process, socialism and "state capitalism" are not unrelated. From the perspective of Marxism, "state capitalism" is a historical category with historical conditions for its emergence, development and decline. Marxism not only profoundly reveals the nature of state capitalism under the capitalist system, but also creatively explores the nature and development prospects of state capitalism under the socialist conditions and how to treat and utilize capitalism scientifically.

　　Lenin first put forward the important idea of using state capitalism to move towards socialism, and the category of state capitalism began to enter the vision of socialist economic theory. He believes that under the condition that small farmers account for the majority of the population, it is impossible to implement a direct transition from small-scale production to socialism, but state capitalism should be used as an intermediate link between small-scale production and socialism to promote the development of socialism. State capitalism under socialist conditions is capitalism that can be restricted and its scope can be specified. It is a positive and beneficial economic component of socialism, which is conducive to enhancing the interests of the broad masses of people, including concession system, cooperative system, purchasing agency system and lease system.

　　In the early days of the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) also put forward the idea of completing socialist transformation through state capitalism. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "Most of China’s present capitalist economy is managed by the people’s government, linked with the state-owned socialist economy in various forms, and supervised by workers. This capitalist economy is no longer an ordinary capitalist economy, but a special capitalist economy, that is, a new state capitalist economy. It mainly exists not for the profits of capitalists, but for the needs of the people and the country. " Because of this, this new state capitalist economy has a strong socialist nature and is beneficial to the people and the country. It can be seen that the state capitalism produced under this specific historical condition is only a way of transition from capitalism to socialism and a special form of socialist transformation of national capitalism. China’s practice shows that once the socialist transformation is completed, the basic socialist system with public ownership as the main body is established, and the socialist society is entered, state capitalism, as a transitional economic form, has completed its historical mission and withdrawn from the historical stage.

　　Since the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has set out from reality, based on China’s basic national conditions, persisted in liberating and developing the productive forces, successfully initiated and developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s roads, theories, systems and culture, established and constantly improved the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism with public ownership as the mainstay and diversified ownership economies developing together, and successfully realized the historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economic system to a dynamic socialist market economic system. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and under the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has adhered to the people-centered development thought, thoroughly implemented the new development concept, made the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, better played the role of the government as the direction, focused on improving the property rights system and the market-oriented allocation of factors, comprehensively deepened the economic system reform, constantly improved the Socialism with Chinese characteristics economic system and the Socialism with Chinese characteristics market economic system, and promoted high-quality development. China insists on building a community of human destiny, building an open world economy, actively participating in and promoting the process of economic globalization, and has taken a series of major measures to open up to the outside world, such as greatly relaxing market access, creating a more attractive investment environment, strengthening intellectual property protection and actively expanding imports, so as to promote the formation of a new pattern of all-round opening up. Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s economic system and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s market economic system have not only brought into play the advantages of the market economy, but also the superiority of the socialist system.It has achieved the organic combination of government and market, fairness and efficiency, development and stability, autonomy and openness, promoted sustained and healthy economic and social development, and achieved great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention, which not only benefited all China people, but also made important contributions to the development and progress of mankind. This is Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great achievement, which has nothing to do with the so-called "state capitalism". Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s economic system and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s market economic system are China’s wisdom and China’s plan created by the people of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China to explore a more reasonable social system, and they are great pioneering works in the history of human social system development. The Communist Party of China (CPC) led the people of China out of the bright road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and will never take the wrong road of "state capitalism"; The people of China will firmly unite and forge ahead along this road that has achieved great success, and move from victory to greater victory.

(Research on the History of the Communist Party of China is authorized to be published by China communist party News Network, please do not reprint it.)　

The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "People will not stand without spirit, and countries will not be strong without spirit. Spirit is the soul for a nation to survive for a long time. Only when the spirit reaches a certain height can this nation stand firm and move forward bravely in the torrent of history. " Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, the people of China have worked hard with one heart, unity and cooperation, and launched a people’s war, a general war and a blocking war to prevent and control the epidemic, thus rallying the great anti-epidemic spirit in the struggle against the COVID-19 epidemic.

First, the scientific connotation and spiritual essence of the great anti-epidemic spirit

The great anti-epidemic spirit formed by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core leading the people of all ethnic groups to jointly fight against the COVID-19 epidemic has rich scientific connotations, which are mainly embodied in the spirit of serving the people, the spirit of national unity and unity, the spirit of sacrifice, the realistic spirit of relying on scientific and precise policies, the spirit of mutual assistance, the spirit of sharing weal and woe, and the spirit of cooperation.

(A) the spirit of protecting life and putting the people first for the people

In the fight against the epidemic, the Communist Party of China (CPC) always put people’s life safety and physical health first, and always practiced the nature and purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, which embodies the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s people-centered fundamental position and political quality. In the face of the sudden epidemic, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader first put forward and emphasized the important concept of "putting people’s life safety and physical health first", taking improving the admission rate and cure rate and reducing the infection rate and death rate as outstanding tasks, and mobilizing national resources to carry out large-scale treatment as never before, without missing an infected person or giving up every patient, from infants born only 30 hours to elderly people over 100 years old. In our country, we spare no effort to treat patients at any cost, and truly realize that all patients and infected people should receive all the benefits, be cured, be examined and separated, and resolutely choose life first between people’s lives and economic interests to ensure that patients are not affected by the cost problem. Since the outbreak, more than 3,000 COVID-19 patients over 80 years old and over 100 years old have been successfully cured in Hubei Province, of which the oldest patient is 108 years old. The overall cure rate in Wuhan is 94%, and the severe cure rate is over 89%. As of May 31st, there were 58,000 settled inpatients nationwide, with a total medical expense of 1.35 billion yuan, and the per capita medical expense of confirmed patients was about 23,000 yuan. Among them, the per capita treatment cost of critically ill patients exceeds 150 thousand yuan, and the treatment cost of some critically ill patients is hundreds of thousands or even millions of yuan.All borne by the state. Moreover, Party organizations at all levels and the broad masses of cadres in party member stood up and acted in times of crisis, not afraid of fatigue, and fought continuously. With the heart of victory, responsibility, kindness and caution, they adhered to the purpose and belief that the people are supreme, practiced the clank oath of serving the people with practical actions, spared no effort to protect the people’s basic livelihood, and firmly relied on the people to win the epidemic prevention and control war, which showed the political nature of communist party people in the new era. According to the survey, 94% of the respondents believe that "it is impossible to win the victory of epidemic prevention and control without the leadership of the party", and 95% of the respondents believe that "the confidence in the party’s leadership and organizational strength has been strengthened". Compared with China, some western countries insist on the supremacy of capital, not only unwilling to pay for the people who need treatment, but also selective treatment according to the age of patients, and even irresponsibly put forward the strategy of "group immunization". The phenomenon that the bottom people are not treated because of poverty is everywhere, and even some older patients are unplugged when they are still alive … Such cruel acts are heartbreaking.

(2) The spirit of unity of the whole country and unity of mind.

In the fight against the epidemic, Party committees and governments at all levels resolutely obeyed the unified command, coordination and dispatch of the CPC Central Committee, insisted on a national chess game, concentrated their efforts on major events, and fully mobilized the enthusiasm of all parties, thus forming a situation in which the whole country mobilized and all the people fought together, which is a concentrated expression of the remarkable advantages of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Under the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, Party committees and governments at all levels have fully mobilized, deployed and participated by the whole people, and all fronts have actively supported the prevention and control of the epidemic, building a strict defense line for joint prevention and control throughout the country and the people’s mass prevention and control throughout the country. In China, when the epidemic occurred, it coincided with the Spring Festival, the most important traditional festival of the Chinese nation. Under the command of the CPC Central Committee, 1.4 billion people actively responded to the call and resolutely obeyed the overall deployment of the epidemic prevention and control work. Home isolation and telecommuting became a "China characteristic" lifestyle overnight. At the forefront of fighting the epidemic, Hubei and Wuhan made great sacrifices. In order to stop the spread of the virus, they resolutely closed the passage from Han to Hubei. From January 23rd to April 8th, the city was closed for 76 days. In order to solve the shortage of medical care, from New Year’s Eve to March 8, 346 national medical teams, 42,600 medical personnel and more than 900 public health personnel were mobilized to help Hubei and Wuhan to fight the epidemic together with local medical workers and people. The prevention and control mechanism of epidemic situation in 19 provinces to support cities outside Wuhan, Hubei Province was quickly established. In the case of an epidemic situation and a heavy task of prevention and control in various provinces,Focus on high-quality medical resources to support Hubei Province and Wuhan City, and support 16 cities in Hubei Province except Wuhan with counterpart support and provincial insurance. The People’s Liberation Army sent more than 4,000 medical personnel to support Hubei and undertook the rescue tasks of three medical institutions. The Air Force dispatched transport planes to deliver medical supplies urgently. Each medical team will be completed within 2 hours from receiving instructions to setting up, and will arrive within 24 hours to carry out rescue work quickly. In order to solve the problem of bed shortage, more than 40,000 builders fought day and night, creating the "China speed" of building the Vulcan Mountain Hospital and Thunder God Mountain hospital in about 10 days … Time to testify, the nationwide unified prevention and control pattern and strong synergy formed under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee are making more impossible possible. On the other hand, in foreign countries, even a simple curfew is implemented by very few people; Even if it is an appeal to wear a mask, there are only a handful of respondents, and it is impossible to shut down the city. In some countries, such as the United States, there is a situation that "freedom" is too much, and it is difficult to get out of the White House, so that the "window period" of epidemic prevention and control is wasted, resulting in a pandemic.

(3) the spirit of sacrifice of risking one’s life and forgetting one’s death and courageously moving forward

In the fight against the epidemic, the anti-epidemic workers who fought on all fronts ignored their personal life and death, "knowing that there are tigers in the mountains, they are biased towards the tiger mountain." The medical workers went out in reverse, selflessly and selflessly, and fought day and night. The commanders and men of the People’s Liberation Army moved at the command and dared to fight hard. The public security police, disease control workers and community workers kept their posts and stayed on duty day and night. The journalists braved hardships and went deep into the front line. The volunteers showed extraordinary courage and amazing perseverance. This is the dauntless courage of the majority of anti-epidemic workers who generously went to the disaster and died. According to statistics, 540,000 medical personnel from Hubei Province and Wuhan City rushed to the front, more than 40,000 military medical personnel rushed to Hubei Province and Wuhan City for the first time, and millions of medical personnel fought in the national anti-epidemic front line. Among them, from academicians and experts who are over the ages to young medical staff after 90 s and 00 s, all of them are resolutely moving forward. "I am young. If I am unfortunately infected, I will definitely recover faster than the older nurses and teachers." "I’m not married, I have no children, I have no burden." "I want to keep up with my father’s footsteps." "The only requirement is not to tell my parents." ….. These immature words reflect the light of the stalwart, which can’t help but make people cry. According to incomplete statistics, in the process of fighting the virus, more than 2,000 medical staff were diagnosed with infection, and dozens of people died in the line of duty. Public security police and auxiliary police stationed in hospitals, transported patients, patrolled the streets, maintained order, and bravely shouldered heavy burdens in the face of urgent and dangerous tasks.More than 130 people died at work. Four million community workers fought in 650,000 urban and rural communities across the country to monitor the epidemic situation, take body temperature, check personnel, stand guard, publicize policies, prevent and kill diseases, and keep the "first pass" of epidemic prevention and control. Courier brothers, sanitation workers, road transport practitioners, journalists, volunteers and other workers from all walks of life are not afraid of the wind and rain, and they are dedicated and persistent. As of May 31st, the number of registered volunteers participating in epidemic prevention and control nationwide reached 8.81 million, with more than 460,000 volunteer service projects and more than 290 million volunteer service hours recorded. Li Wenliang, Yuan Yangyang, Xia Sisi, Zhang Jingjing … These names are engraved on the anti-epidemic heroes’ spectrum. They built a steel Great Wall for epidemic prevention and control with their flesh and blood, and moved China and the world with practical actions.

(D) the spirit of seeking truth by relying on scientific and precise policies.

In the fight against the epidemic, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core highlighted that "the most powerful weapon for human beings to fight against diseases is science and technology, and human beings can’t defeat catastrophes and epidemics without scientific development and technological innovation", and United and led the whole party and people of all nationalities to persist in respecting and relying on science and give full play to the role of science and technology as a sharp weapon to overcome catastrophes and epidemics, which is a concentrated expression of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese nation’s character of advocating rationality and seeking truth from facts. After the outbreak of the epidemic, the relevant departments quickly determined five main directions, namely, clinical treatment and drugs, vaccine research and development, detection technology and products, virus etiology and epidemiology, and animal model construction, and organized interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary scientific research teams. The front lines of scientific research, clinic and prevention and control cooperated with each other, and all parties in Industry-University-Research cooperated closely, providing strong scientific support for the prevention and control of the epidemic. From the extensive use of new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to carry out epidemiological investigation and analysis and judgment of epidemic situation, accurately identify "four types of personnel" and carry out centralized management by classification, draw epidemic maps, follow up and implement prevention and control measures, to actively carry out virus traceability, identify the source of infection and transmission routes, quickly develop diagnostic reagents, implement many antiviral treatments, and develop vaccines simultaneously through multi-technical routes, from closely tracking virus variation, Constantly optimize the means of diagnosis and treatment and the prevention and treatment plan, actively explore the new mode of anti-epidemic in the shelter, solve the problem of large-scale treatment of patients, persist in innovation, fully tap the essence of traditional Chinese medicine, and adopt comprehensive therapy combining Chinese and Western medicine and both Chinese and Western medicine to cure patients.All show the great role of science and technology in fighting the epidemic. With the deepening of the research on Covid-19, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core improved the prevention and control strategies and measures in time, and put forward clear requirements of "internal prevention of proliferation, external prevention of export" and "external prevention of import and internal prevention of rebound" in different regions at different stages according to the changes in the situation of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19 at home and abroad. According to the principle of precise policy, the country is divided into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk areas according to the actual situation of epidemic development in various regions. On June 11th, after no new confirmed cases were reported locally for 56 consecutive days, new confirmed cases appeared in Beijing. According to the new situation of epidemic prevention and control, Beijing responded quickly, raised the response level of public health emergencies, and took effective measures to deal with it resolutely and decisively to curb the spread of the epidemic. All localities and departments conscientiously implement the requirements of the CPC Central Committee, always insist on proceeding from the reality of epidemic prevention work, prioritize and distinguish between primary and secondary contradictions, and solve problems according to local conditions, time and people. Accurate resumption of work and production, orderly restoration of production and living order, and overall promotion of epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development have achieved positive results.

(5) The spirit of mutual assistance of loving without borders and overcoming difficulties together.

In the fight against the epidemic, the whole country shares weal and woe, the front and rear work together, and the people of the whole country do their best to participate in the epidemic prevention and control work, showing the great love of the world and the deep kinship of heart-to-heart, breathing and common destiny, which is a concentrated expression of the feelings of Chinese people who work together and struggle for home and country. The arduous course of China’s anti-epidemic struggle is the common memory of 1.4 billion people in China. The people of China, regardless of gender, age and post division, have consciously devoted themselves to this people’s war and made their own contributions. The 1.4 billion people of China are great fighters against the epidemic. The vast number of party member actively paid special party dues, and all walks of life donated money and materials to support the fight against the epidemic. As of May 31st, the accumulated social donation funds were about 38.93 billion yuan and 990 million pieces of materials. The epidemic is ruthless, and dozens of veterans of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Do not forget your initiative mind, insisted on donating money; The cleaning staff with meager income donated money many times, but refused to give their names, and only signed "Communist party member"; Scavengers, sanitation grandfathers and grandmothers living alone who have a hard life donate their savings for many years to help fight the epidemic … Such stories are frequently staged on the land of China, which is moving. In addition to the unified deployment of medical staff and medical materials to support Hubei and Wuhan, rice flour oil, vegetables and fruits from all over the country continue to arrive in Wuhan, rice from Heilongjiang, cabbage from Shenyang, fruits from Yunnan, oranges from Jiangxi, green vegetables from Guizhou, beef and mutton from Qinghai, and live fish that Wuhan people love to eat … "Give a hand and pull a hand in the most difficult period of Hubei,Help Hubei enter the normal track in an all-round way as soon as possible ","Wuhan wins Hubei, Hubei wins the whole country ","Come on Wuhan, come on China "and other words convey the expectations and blessings of all Chinese children. Wu Hanyou has 10 million hands, Hubei has 60 million hands and China has 1.4 billion hands. Although Hubei and Wuhan experienced hardships, they did not fight alone, but the whole China stood behind them.

(six) the spirit of cooperation through thick and thin, shared destiny.

In the fight against the epidemic, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core deeply realized that the epidemic has no national boundaries, and the virus is the common enemy of mankind. We must "strengthen our confidence, work together in Qi Xin, and unite to deal with it". By strengthening international cooperation in epidemic prevention and control, we will gather global positive energy to fight the epidemic and unite to win this fight against major infectious diseases, which is a concentrated expression of the concept of the community of human destiny in which people all over the world unite, cooperate and help each other. In the face of this unprecedented global public health crisis, no country or region can be immune and must help each other in the same boat. China’s fight against the epidemic has been actively helped by the international community. Leaders of more than 170 countries, heads of 50 international and regional organizations, and more than 300 foreign political parties and organizations sent letters, calls and statements expressing sympathy and support to the leaders of China, and 77 countries and 12 international organizations provided material donations. People in some countries spontaneously expressed their solidarity with China in different forms: the fourth-grade students of cascades Primary School in Utah sang the Chinese song "Come on, Wuhan, You Smile Really Beautiful", and children in some Latin American countries picked up brushes to describe their encouragement and support for China … China has always strengthened international cooperation in epidemic prevention and control. While taking the most comprehensive, strict and thorough prevention and control measures, it did its best to curb the spread of the epidemic, and released epidemic information to the domestic and foreign countries in time, sharing virus research results at the first time.We have provided testing reagents, masks, protective clothing, ventilators, monitors and other medical and epidemic prevention materials to nearly 150 countries and 4 international organizations, and sent 26 medical expert groups to 24 countries including Italy, Serbia, Iran and Iraq. China actively advocates the solidarity and cooperation of the international community, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) has issued a joint appeal with 240 political parties in more than 110 countries to strengthen international cooperation in fighting the epidemic. Under the situation that its own epidemic prevention and control is still under great pressure, China quickly took action to provide humanitarian assistance to the international community within its capacity, and provided two batches of cash assistance totaling 50 million US dollars to the World Health Organization, supporting the United Nations and the World Health Organization to play their roles and build a healthy community of human beings. All these show the world the extraordinary spirit of China, the responsibility of a big country and the tolerance of a big country. On the other hand, the United States and other western countries, at the special moment when the global epidemic spread, made use of the epidemic to engage in political plots. After their own epidemic prevention and control suffered from "Waterloo", they frequently "dumped the pot" in China, ignored the opposition of the international community, and were obsessed with "decoupling". They rashly stopped paying their dues to the World Health Organization, announced that they would terminate their relations with the World Health Organization, and further set off anti-globalization thoughts around the world.

The above six aspects are interrelated, complementary, organically unified and mutually supportive. Among them, the spirit of protecting life and putting the people first is the core essence, which runs through the anti-epidemic struggle from beginning to end and is the most prominent feature of the great anti-epidemic spirit, playing a foundation and leading role; The spirit of unity of the whole country and unity of mind is the fundamental guarantee, and it is a vivid display of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s institutional advantages in the fight against the epidemic; The spirit of sacrifice, relying on scientific and precise policies, the spirit of mutual assistance, and the spirit of cooperation through thick and thin, is the most reliable and reliable magic weapon to win, which further embodies and develops the spirit of patriotism, collectivism and socialism, the glorious tradition and fine style of our party and army, and the great national spirit and contemporary spirit of the Chinese nation. As an extremely valuable spiritual wealth of the Party and the people, the great spirit of fighting epidemic has become an important part of the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese nation and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Only by vigorously carrying forward the great anti-epidemic spirit can we be invincible and invincible!

Second, the great anti-epidemic spirit has profound theoretical origin and vivid practical foundation.

Spirit is the product of practice, great cause calls for great spirit, and arduous struggle will inevitably produce great spirit. The great anti-epidemic spirit is not a "rootless flower" falling from the sky, but it has a profound theoretical origin and practical basis.

(A) the great anti-epidemic spirit is born in the deep soil of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that Chinese culture has accumulated the deepest spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation, contains the most fundamental spiritual genes of the Chinese nation, represents the unique spiritual identity of the Chinese nation, and is a rich nourishment for the endless development and growth of the Chinese nation. Chinese excellent traditional culture is the spiritual lifeline of the Chinese nation, and it is a unique symbol and outstanding advantage that the Chinese nation and the people of China have gradually formed in the process of cultivating Qi and leveling the peace, respecting the times and keeping the position, knowing what is common and changing, starting things, and making achievements. Especially for the common dilemma and problems of human development in the 21st century, Chinese culture and oriental wisdom have provided important enlightenment and solutions in solving the dilemma of modernization, promoting ecological protection, improving social governance, improving administrative ethics, promoting ethnic exchanges, and strengthening moral construction.

The great anti-epidemic spirit is a Chinese plan provided by Chinese excellent traditional culture to cope with the global epidemic of COVID-19, and it is a precious spiritual wealth that flows in the body of the Chinese nation and is rooted in the hearts of Chinese people, and is combined with the latest characteristics of the times in a specific period to promote social progress. The six aspects of the great anti-epidemic spirit can be found in the excellent traditional Chinese culture. For example, the people-oriented idea, the idea that one side is in trouble and all sides support it, the idea of giving up one’s life for justice, the idea of forgetting the private, the idea of the rise and fall of the world and the responsibility of every man, the idea of the world being public and the world being one, and so on. These thoughts present three-dimensionally and systematically the thinking and ideas based on individual standard, which are different from those in the west, and show the great potential of Chinese excellent traditional culture to benefit mankind.

(2) The great spirit of fighting the epidemic arises from the great practice of the Party leading the people to fight the epidemic.

Through the long river of history, looking back at the course of the Chinese nation’s rejuvenation, it is not difficult for us to find painful memories of wars and famines, and it is not difficult to find catastrophic memories such as floods, droughts, earthquakes and plagues. However, the Chinese nation has never been crushed, but has become more frustrated and brave, constantly growing up and rising from hardships. Looking back on the history of the Party and the new China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been growing and being tested constantly in the process of internal troubles and foreign invasion, hardships and struggles since its birth. It has United and led the people of China to overcome various crises, produced a series of spirits, such as the great spirit of fighting floods, fighting SARS and earthquake relief, and constantly moved towards new victories. At present, the sudden COVID-19 epidemic is a big test for China and the Communist Party of China (CPC), and it also provides an important opportunity for nurturing great spirit.

The great anti-epidemic spirit came into being in the practice of people’s war, general war and blocking war in which the Party led the people to prevent and control the epidemic. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, Chinese people properly handled a major public health emergency that occurred in China with the fastest spread, the widest infection range and the most difficult prevention and control since the founding of New China, and it was also formed in the active response of people all over the world to the global pandemic infectious diseases that human beings have encountered in the past century. The great anti-epidemic spirit not only enriches and continues the great anti-flood spirit, anti-SARS spirit and earthquake relief spirit, but also shows different characteristics according to the practical needs of coping with the crisis, such as relying on scientific zoning and grading to make accurate policies, helping each other in the same boat to strengthen global anti-epidemic cooperation and so on. These characteristics are the reflection of practical requirements in the fight against epidemic situation and the reflection of China people’s spiritual outlook, which has added new connotation and injected new vitality into the great anti-epidemic spirit.

(3) The great anti-epidemic spirit was born in the background of Socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era.

A great spirit that can inspire people to forge ahead and give them strength always conforms to the needs of the times, is a concentrated spiritual reflection of advanced social forms and their development trends in different periods, and is the most active and powerful internal driving force for people in real struggle. As creators and practitioners of the great spirit, the people of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China always glow with an ever-expanding spiritual atmosphere with distinctive characteristics of the times according to the background of the times and the requirements of historical tasks. For example, in the revolutionary era, focusing on national independence and people’s liberation, a spirit of struggle focusing on taking risks, sticking to faith, daring to sacrifice and forging ahead was formed, which gave birth to the spirit of Red Boat, Jinggangshan, Soviet Area, Nanliang, Long March, Anti-Japanese War, Yan ‘an, Hongyan, Yimeng and Xibaipo. In the era of construction, in the face of poverty and backwardness, an entrepreneurial spirit focusing on self-reliance, hard work and selfless dedication was formed, which gave birth to the spirit of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea, Daqing spirit, Hongqi Canal spirit and "two bombs and one satellite". In the reform era, in order to achieve national prosperity, national rejuvenation and people’s happiness, the spirit of reform and innovation focusing on pioneering and innovation, forge ahead, seeking truth and being pragmatic has been formed, and the spirit of manned space flight, the spirit of Beijing Olympic Games and the spirit of model workers have been nurtured. Entering a new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core unites and leads the people of all ethnic groups in China, promotes the overall layout of the "five in one" as a whole, and promotes the "four comprehensive" strategic layout in a coordinated manner. The cause of the party and the state has achieved historic achievements and undergone historic changes.It has nurtured and produced valuable spiritual wealth such as the spirit of reform and innovation, the spirit of getting rid of poverty, the spirit of Saihanba, the spirit of Silk Road and the spirit of self-revolution.

The great anti-epidemic spirit came into being under the background that Socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era. It has consistency in connotation and ideological continuity with the theoretical expression of all the above great spirits, and it is the most jumping wave of the times stirred by the red gene in the great practice of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. The six aspects of the great anti-epidemic spirit have the consistent basic ideological core of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s spiritual pedigree, such as fear of sacrifice, willingness to contribute, unity and mutual assistance, seeking truth from facts, hard struggle and so on. These core concepts vividly show the Communist Party of China (CPC) people’s world outlook, outlook on life and values, and are the precious essence of China spirit that must be promoted.

Third, carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit and make unremitting efforts to realize the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Difficulties and hardships, jade is successful. The great anti-epidemic practice gave birth to the great anti-epidemic spirit, which will inevitably help the development of the great cause and become a powerful driving force for realizing the Chinese nation’s great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream. Facing the unprecedented great changes in the world and the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, facing the historical task of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the successful conclusion of the 13 th Five-Year Plan and the smooth convergence of the goals of "two hundred years", and facing the various risk challenges that China’s development has accumulated and even concentrated in the current and future period, the whole party and society can only vigorously carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit, continue to overcome difficulties and triumph, and truly achieve "not afraid of clouds to hide our eyes" and "chaos"

(A) to carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit, we must thoroughly study the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era.

Decisive results have been achieved in the defending wars in Wuhan and Hubei, major strategic achievements have been made in the prevention and control of epidemic situation, and positive results have been achieved in promoting the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development as a whole. The most fundamental thing is that there is Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, especially the important speech and instructions of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader on the prevention and control of epidemic situation as a scientific guide, and that there is centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core. To carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit in the new era, the first task is to thoroughly study the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era. It is necessary to closely combine the study of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era with the study of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, profoundly understand the relationship between the great anti-epidemic spirit and the "flow" and "source" of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, accurately grasp the China characteristics and oriental wisdom contained in the great anti-epidemic spirit, and further strengthen the "four self-confidences"; It is necessary to closely combine the study of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era with the study of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s spiritual pedigree, deeply understand that the great anti-epidemic spirit is the product of the collision between Marxist theory and Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great practice, accurately grasp the inherent red gene of the great anti-epidemic spirit and the spiritual temperament of Communist party member, and further strengthen the "four consciousnesses"; It is necessary to closely integrate the study of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era with the great struggle and concrete practice of fighting the epidemic in the new era, and deeply understand the characteristics of the times and practical attributes of the great anti-epidemic spirit.Accurately grasp the supreme leader General Secretary, as the core of the party, the people’s leader and the army commander-in-chief, and resolutely achieve the "two maintenances".

(B) to carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit, we must strengthen research, publicity and interpretation, and create a good social atmosphere for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

It is a systematic and long-term major project to vigorously carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit in the whole party and society in the new era. We must make unremitting efforts for a long time, study, publicize and explain the great anti-epidemic spirit. We should improve our political position, and conduct a comprehensive, systematic and in-depth study on the era value, historical logic, spiritual essence and rich connotation of the great anti-epidemic spirit from the political height of consolidating the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field, cultivating and practicing socialist core values and consolidating the common ideological foundation of the United struggle of the whole party and people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. Based on the great practice of China’s fight against the epidemic, we should publicize the great anti-epidemic spirit by organizing thematic lectures, holding reports on advanced figures and deeds, compiling training materials for cadres in party member and popular books for young people, so as to promote the great anti-epidemic spirit into our minds, enhance the confidence of the whole party and people of all ethnic groups in overcoming various major risk challenges, and unify the thoughts and actions of the broad masses of cadres and people in party member with the top leader as the core in all the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee. It is necessary to intensify the creation of literary and artistic works, show the great anti-epidemic spirit through movies, television, stage performances and other ways, so as to integrate it into the national blood, infiltrate and nourish the soul, enlighten and educate the masses, and establish a good fashion of advocating and praising heroes in the whole society. At the same time, we should actively spread the international voice of China’s anti-epidemic, tell clearly, thoroughly and vividly the anti-epidemic stories of General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and 1.4 billion people in China, so as to gather positive energy, boost the spirit and make new contributions to the global cooperation against the epidemic.

(3) To carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit, we must play the role of spiritual strength and promote the great practice, innovation and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "Now, we are closer to the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation than at any time in history, and we are more confident and capable of achieving this goal than at any time in history." However, "the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation can never be achieved easily." "What we are now in is a time when it is more urgent for a ship to wander in the middle of the river and people to climb more steeply in the middle of the mountain. It is a time when it is more and more difficult to advance, more and more dangerous, but if you don’t advance, you will retreat and have to enter." To carry forward the great anti-epidemic spirit in the new era, the most fundamental thing is to sublimate its stand, viewpoint and method into Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great practice, infiltrate its ideological elements and spiritual strength into the great journey of building a socialist modern power in the new era, make every effort to promote the great cause of national rejuvenation and strive to realize the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation at an early date. We must adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, always adhere to and courageously undertake the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s initial intention and mission of seeking happiness for the people of China and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and continue to struggle with an unrelenting mental state and an indomitable attitude. We should persist in perfecting and developing the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, so as to fully transform the remarkable advantages of China’s national system and national governance system into governance efficiency, and fully demonstrate the remarkable advantages and strong vitality of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. We must stick to a blueprint to the end, insist that Qingshan will not relax, be sincere and United, and be willing to contribute.Seek truth from facts, be practical, be scientific in layout, dare to fight hard, and do all the work in a down-to-earth manner with the spirit of nailing. We must adhere to the path of peaceful development, promote the building of a community of human destiny, and work with people all over the world to build a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, tolerance, cleanliness and beauty, and make new and greater contributions to the development and progress of human society.

Original: Research on the History of the Communist Party of China, No.4, 2020

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was grandly opened in Beijing on October 18th. The report of the 19th National Congress made by the Supreme Leader is magnificent and rich in connotation. The report of more than 30,000 words looks at the history and the future, condenses the experience and enlightenment of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s governance in the past five years, and depicts the grand blueprint from now to 2020 and even the middle of this century. A series of new ideas, new theories, new formulations and new measures in the report have attracted wide attention and aroused strong repercussions.

CCTV News:The reporter learned from the Ministry of Natural Resources that the "China Sea Ocean Heat Wave Forecast Product" independently developed by the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center was officially put into operation on May 12th.It will timely and accurately predict the occurrence, development, scope and intensity of ocean heat wave events, provide key data and decision-making services for scientific response to extreme ocean heat wave events, and help prevent marine disasters.

China’s self-developed "China Sea Ocean Heat Wave Forecast Product" covers all the jurisdictional waters of China, and can timely and accurately predict the occurrence, development, influence scope and intensity of ocean heat wave events, provide key data and decision-making services for government decision-making departments to scientifically respond to extreme ocean heat wave events, effectively improve the response ability of marine management departments and fishery practitioners to extreme ocean heat wave events, and take timely and reasonable measures to reduce losses and reduce the damage to marine ecosystems.

Wan Liying, director of the temperature and salt flow forecasting room of the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources, said that the first country (France) to release ocean heat waves only has products of ocean heat waves, and we are products that increase the intensity of ocean heat waves. The impact of ocean heat waves on marine ecology and our economy is a relatively important parameter.

A number of marine disaster early warning and forecasting products were released.

In addition, the Ministry of Natural Resources has released a number of marine disaster early warning and forecasting products.

The National Satellite Ocean Application Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources released the China ocean color satellite images of the Yellow Sea and the remote sensing index data set, which provided scientific and technological support for the emergency treatment of marine disasters such as green tide, red tide and oil spill at sea.　

China is one of the countries most seriously affected by marine disasters in the world. In recent years, the Ministry of Natural Resources, in conjunction with various departments, has continuously promoted the construction of an integrated marine three-dimensional observation network, established and improved a collaborative marine disaster early warning business system, implemented the "chip" project of marine forecasting, and developed a full-spectrum autonomous marine early warning and forecasting numerical model system. With the continuous efforts of many measures, China’s ability to perceive marine disasters has been continuously improved, and the prevention and control of marine disasters has achieved remarkable results. In 2023, the direct economic losses of marine disasters nationwide decreased by 49% compared with the average of the previous five years.

At the same time, coastal areas continue to promote marine disaster prevention and mitigation. Among them, Zhejiang Province has built a closed-loop prevention and control system of marine disaster risk, and its disaster prevention capability has been comprehensively improved, and the early warning accuracy rate has increased to over 84%.

　　On November 25, the Ministry of Education held a news briefing to introduce the progress of the special rectification of ignoring the interests of the masses.

　　In accordance with the requirements of the central government to carry out special rectification in the theme education of "Do not forget your initiative mind, Keep in mind the mission", the State Supervision Commission of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection took the lead in centralized rectification of ignoring the infringement of the interests of the masses, focusing on solving the most urgent, worrying and eager pressing problems of the masses. The Ministry of Education focused on solving the problem of children dropping out of school in compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas, resolutely correcting the problem of withholding and deducting nutrition and meal subsidies for students in rural compulsory education, resolutely correcting the problem of withholding and deducting living allowances for boarding students in rural compulsory education, reducing the burden of primary and secondary school teachers and promoting campus food safety.

　　Wang Guangyan, executive deputy secretary of the directly under the authority Party Committee of the Ministry of Education and deputy director of the office of the leading group for rectification and rectification of thematic education of the Ministry, said that relevant institutional documents will be issued one after another, and the effective practices in practice will be upgraded to systems in time to form a normal and long-term effect.

　　The problem of dropping out of school in poor areas — —

　　Improve the joint control and joint insurance mechanism and accurately persuade the return measures.

　　The Ministry of Education regards solving the problem of children dropping out of school in compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas as the top priority of the work of "special rectification and disregard for the interests of the masses".

　　Yu Weiyue, deputy director of the Department of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education, said that as of November 20, the number of students who dropped out of compulsory education in 832 national poverty-stricken counties across the country had been reduced from 290,000 at the beginning of the establishment of the ledger to 23,000, of which the number of poor students from families with file cards was reduced from 150,000 to 0.6 million, laying a solid foundation for the full realization of compulsory education in 2020. In the middle and late November, the organization went to Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Ningxia provinces to carry out a thorough investigation, and conducted spot checks to verify the work ledger data and persuade them to return to school through the forms of entering schools and making unannounced visits.

　　In the next step, the Ministry of Education will continue to improve the long-term working mechanisms such as administrative supervision and resumption of schooling, joint control and joint guarantee by departments, and consolidate the results of special rectification. Carry out the comparison between the national population information database and the student registration system in 2019, implement a new round of verification and persuasion, and establish the student registration for returning students in time.

　　Interception and deduction of nutritional dietary subsidies — —

　　"Make sure every penny goes to the students’ mouths"

　　Up to now, 37 cases involving 8 provinces and regions, including Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang, with a total amount of 174 million yuan, have been found and rectified.

　　Keep the "bottom line" of capital security and ensure that the national nutritional diet subsidy "every penny goes to the students’ mouths". Establish the awareness of "red line" of food safety to prevent major food safety accidents. Hu Yanpin, inspector of the Education Supervision Bureau of the Ministry of Education, said that the current price fluctuations of pork, vegetables and other foods have had a certain impact on the implementation effect of the nutrition improvement plan. The Ministry of Education is actively working with the relevant departments of the central government to promote the implementation of the national dietary subsidy in combination with the local economic development reality and price level. On the basis of the standard, we will further improve the mechanism for the government, families and social forces to share the dietary expenses to ensure that students can eat well. At the same time, actively negotiate with the Ministry of Finance to explore the establishment of a dynamic adjustment mechanism for dietary subsidy standards.

　　Interception and deduction of boarding students’ living allowance — —

　　"zero tolerance" for related violations of discipline and law

　　On October 21st, the hotline for monitoring, reporting and complaining about boarding students’ living allowance in the compulsory education stage of the Ministry of Education was opened to receive complaints from the masses. On October 31st, the portal website of the Ministry of Education published the situation of reporting complaints and handling problems, which showed that the existing problems of boarding students’ living allowance funds in the compulsory education stage were resolutely corrected, and the attitude of "zero tolerance" for violations of discipline and law such as interception, deduction and misappropriation was adopted.

　　Liu Jing, deputy director of the Finance Department of the Ministry of Education, said that up to now, 162 issues of living allowance funds for boarders in compulsory education have been initially identified, involving an amount of 129 million yuan. Among them, 17 items were not paid and released in time, involving an amount of 114 million yuan, and the rectification was completed, and the replacement amount was 114 million yuan. 96 items were managed irregularly, involving an amount of 6.18 million yuan, and 87 items were rectified, with a replacement amount of 160,000 yuan, a recovery amount of 190,000 yuan and a standardized use amount of 4.97 million yuan.

　　Unreasonable workload of teachers — —

　　The supervision and inspection of primary and secondary schools should be reduced by 50%.

　　Since the promotion meeting of the special rectification of the Ministry of Education, the leaders in charge of the Ministry have led a team to Shaanxi, Xinjiang and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps to investigate and supervise the special rectification to reduce the unreasonable workload of primary and secondary school teachers. The Department of Teachers’ Affairs has formed seven research working groups and went to 12 provinces including Shanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei and Liaoning to urge all localities to promote the "Special Action to Reduce Teachers’ Burden".

　　Shaanxi Province strictly implements the audit procedures for teachers’ training, and does not recognize credits for training organized by non-educational administrative departments without consent, thus reducing the training items by 30%. Shanxi Province focuses on reducing unnecessary supervision, inspection, appraisal and assessment in the system to promote teachers’ burden reduction. At present, the number of inspection, assessment and appraisal projects for primary and secondary schools in 11 cities in the province has been reduced from 128 to 49, and that for primary and secondary schools in 117 counties has been reduced from 287 to 133.

　　Zhejiang, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia and Fujian make full use of information technology in the evaluation of professional titles, simplifying processes, reducing paper materials, allowing information to run more and teachers to run less errands, benefiting 2.11 million primary and secondary school teachers.

　　Liu Jiantong, inspector of the Teacher Affairs Department of the Ministry of Education, said that the "Several Opinions on Reducing the Burden of Primary and Secondary School Teachers and Further Creating a Good Environment for Education and Teaching" approved by the Central Committee for Deep Reform will be issued soon, requiring party committees and governments at all levels to earnestly fulfill their main responsibilities, make overall plans to standardize supervision, inspection, evaluation, social affairs entering the campus, streamlining the filling of relevant reports, and transferring and borrowing primary and secondary school teachers, so as to ensure that the number of supervision, inspection, evaluation and evaluation items for primary and secondary schools is reduced by more than 50% on the existing basis and list management will be implemented,

　　Food safety on campus — —

　　Keep the students safe on the tip of their tongue.

　　At present, there are more than 515,000 primary and secondary schools and kindergartens in China, including 249,000 primary and secondary schools and 266,000 kindergartens. There are 380,000 primary and secondary schools and kindergartens that provide meals centrally through canteens.

　　Since the special rectification work was carried out, 417,000 primary and secondary schools and kindergartens have implemented the system of accompanying meals by relevant responsible persons. Judging from the participation of parents’ committees in the canteen safety supervision mechanism, 398,000 primary and secondary schools and kindergartens have established parents’ committees to participate in the canteen safety supervision mechanism; Judging from the coverage rate of "bright kitchen and bright stove" in school canteens, the number of schools that have realized "bright kitchen and bright stove" in school canteens nationwide has increased by 67,000 to 340,000.

　　Wan Lijun, deputy director of the Department of Sports Health and Art Education of the Ministry of Education, said that the next step is to fully implement the system of accompanying meals by the heads of schools and kindergartens, actively promote the participation of parents’ committees in the food safety supervision system, further improve the coverage rate of "bright kitchens and bright stoves" in school canteens and students’ collective dining distribution units, and incorporate food safety and nutrition health knowledge into the teaching content of health education as an important part of the health education activities with the theme of "healthy teachers and students, healthy China", so as to improve students’ food safety awareness and preventive ability. (Guangming Daily, Beijing, November 25th, by reporter Xiaoyan Yan)

　　　 On the evening of December 31st, 2012, at the New Year’s Eve party of a TV station, Ada, Li Yong, Lu Yu and Zhou Qun, who served as the master of ceremonies at the grand ceremony, changed her clothes several times, and her long skirt and dress were dignified and elegant, and the host was even more generous and won praise. In addition to hosting, Ada also won the "Performing Idol of the Year" award that night, and she was versatile, and once again brought a breakthrough performance in the performance session. She became a sexy and hot dancer and made a stunning appearance in a flesh-colored sequined diamond-encrusted latin dance skirt. The hollow design of the waist showed Ada’s slender waist line, stretching her arms, shaking her head, twisting her hips and turning around. Ada and her partner cooperated tacitly, and the charming dance set off a full climax.

Next page: More wonderful pictures.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 5th Title: 50 yuan, a junior high school composition, has a wonderful business of "writing economy" on the Internet.

　　Xinhua News Agency "China Nets" reporters Yang Siqi and Zhang Duo

　　During the summer vacation, primary and secondary school students’ holiday homework writing business is becoming a hot business, which is launched on major online shopping and social platforms. These schoolwork tasks, which originally belonged to children, have turned into goods that can be delivered online, and have become "cash cows" for "writers", which has aroused the concern of many parents and teachers. The reporter conducted an investigation into this.

　　From a dozen yuan to hundreds of yuan, summer homework business is booming.

　　"Contact customer service consultation — — Inform specific job types — — Determine the price — — Mailing homework — — Pay the required amount — — Start ghostwriting — — I will mail it to you after completion. " A ghostwriting website published such an operation process, and claimed that "professional ghostwriting for primary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools has a correct rate of more than 80%."

　　According to the reporter’s search, many platforms such as Sina Weibo and Baidu Post Bar have summer homework writing business, and the charging standards are different for different types of homework. If you rush to jump the queue, you need to increase the price.

　　Through WeChat, the reporter got in touch with one of the customer service agents who wrote the homework, and asked to write an essay of not less than 500 words on the topic of "I am in the third grade". The other party said that when pricing 50 yuan, 25 yuan’s deposit should be paid first, and the final payment should be paid after the composition is written, and the quantity is large. "Write 3 articles for each 45 yuan and 5 articles for each 40 yuan." The customer service also told reporters that in addition to primary school composition, undergraduate graduation thesis can also be written on behalf of others. The next morning, the customer service sent the written composition to the reporter through WeChat in the form of Word document.

　　An industry insider said that in fact, as early as 2009, such "writing homework" posts appeared in "summer homework bar", and some students posted "kneeling for the answer to summer homework". Nowadays, with the expansion of the ghostwriting business market, its charging standard has also risen, and the average price of completing a workbook has risen from a dozen yuan at first to hundreds of yuan.

　　The reporter found that these websites openly and independently recruit "writers", and some part-time and employment websites also have recruitment information. The "writing economy" has formed a complete industrial chain.

　　At the same time, some college students or high school graduates will also post their own "sideline business" news on social platforms. In the "Shanghai Homework Bar", the landlord "C Little Apple Sauce" said, "The price will go up because of the tight time during the coming school term. I hope everyone will write quickly and don’t miss the cheap opportunity."

　　In order to arouse resonance, many websites have also launched soft articles, such as "My poor summer vacation — — Confessions of a primary school student, etc., through emotional marketing by telling stories. A "professional ghostwriting network" also exposed recent praise records and WeChat transfer payment records.

　　The reporter found that these ghostwriting services can be ghostwritten for daily work except for winter and summer homework.

　　Who gave birth to "ghostwriting economy"?

　　Recently, a parent in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province exposed his son’s summer homework list in the second grade of primary school: "Happy Summer Vacation"; 20 quality diaries; 20 reading records; Practice pen writing; Write and draw once a week; Read extracurricular books every day … …” Some netizens shouted: "This is simply the homework of the second grade of junior high school." "Not only students, but also parents."

　　Yue Long, a professor at Shanghai Normal University, believes that the industrialization and continuous popularity of students’ homework ghostwriting service actually reflects the heavy academic burden of students, and at the same time reveals an impetuous and advanced learning atmosphere.

　　An interviewed junior high school Chinese teacher admitted that some holiday assignments such as "Summer Life" and other workbooks are mostly a mere formality. "Leave homework, children are unwilling to do it; If you don’t stay, parents will worry that parents need to rely on the homework left by the teacher to restrain their children. Only when they see their children writing homework can parents rest assured. " The Chinese teacher said that these holiday assignments are generally not judged, and they will learn to talk about the content of the new semester and have no time to comment on holiday assignments.

　　"This situation provides business opportunities for unscrupulous writers and vendors." John young, a researcher at Shanghai Education Supervision Research Center, said.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that at present, some families tend to respect their children’s "personality" development more and more. In addition, extra-curricular counseling and extra-long interest classes have emerged, and some students no longer "absolutely obey" the school teachers, but arrange their life inside and outside the school more independently. "To write summer homework, it is better to read a good book and make a targeted professional counseling book." A parent said.

　　John young believes that the emergence of the network platform just caters to the change of this educational concept, making writing homework more efficient and convenient, and even some parents "make excuses" for their children, or explicitly or implicitly allow their children to seek homework.

　　Experts call for scientific burden reduction and happy holidays for primary school students

　　John young believes that these ghostwriting businesses not only disturb the educational environment and market order, but also make children feel lazy and lucky, and form the habit of being confused and cheating, which is not conducive to their long-term development.

　　Many netizens believe that ghostwriting business is actually an immoral business practice, turning children’s happy summer vacation into a wonderful business, and relevant departments should correct the unhealthy trend as soon as possible.

　　The interviewed experts believe that finding someone to write homework and find a "gunman" is an act of dishonesty, which will impact and destroy the moral education and value orientation of primary and secondary school students, which is not conducive to their observance of integrity, resulting in a utilitarian understanding and solution to the current predicament. "You can’t confuse the large amount of homework with the purchase of homework to write services. You should tell students that writing homework is a fraudulent act." Xiong Bingqi, vice president of 21st Century Education Research Institute, told reporters.

　　Yue Long pointed out that at present, China’s relevant supervision and legal constraints on the ghostwriting industry are still in a blank state. The education department and relevant market supervision departments should take comprehensive measures to carry out comprehensive rectification, and at the same time increase publicity and guidance, so that ghostwriters, parents and students can form a correct understanding.

　　In view of some "unnecessary" homework, Ding Zhaomin, director of the Education Bureau of nangang district, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, believes that "reducing the burden" actually puts higher demands on teachers, and its fundamental purpose is to improve the quality of school teaching.

　　John young believes that the ghostwriting market has formed a complete industrial chain at present, which reflects the troubles among parents, students and schools. A more adequate dialogue mechanism should be established among the three to form a joint effort to promote the solution of such educational problems, thus providing a healthier environment for children’s growth.

Officers and men of the Sixth Guangdong Frontier Detachment of the Armed Police stationed on the front line of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong border captured a suspected stowaway from Southeast Asia near the mangrove ecological park in Shenzhen.

According to the China Youth Network, recently, the Sixth Guangdong Frontier Detachment of the Armed Police stationed at the front line of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong border announced that officers and men of the detachment had arrested a suspected stowaway from Southeast Asia near the mangrove ecological park in Shenzhen. It is understood that the suspected stowaway swam from Hong Kong to Shenzhen through the Shenzhen River. On the day of the arrest, the lowest temperature in Shenzhen was 4 degrees Celsius, and the stowaway lurked in the Shenzhen River for six hours. When the border guards found him, the stowaway was covered in mud. Because he had been soaked in water for too long, the suspected stowaway was dying of cold.

"Smugglers choose to sneak in the bad weather environment years ago because they are lucky. They think that border guards and soldiers will relax their vigilance years ago and in bad weather. I don’t know that the worse the environment, the more we demand vigilance. " Ou Zihao, an officer who arrested suspected stowaways, said.

Articles carried by stowaways.