Most comedies in this world will pass by in the long river of time, but Chaplin and his movies are always unforgettable.

Chaplin’s works always give us complex feelings after laughing.

As Zhao Lihong, the author of this article, said: "When you are not in the world, watching Chaplin’s movies is only funny, funny and full of joy. Grow up a little, look again, laugh and cry, feel warmth, and feel compassion. "

The character who bears this complex emotion in the film is one of the most important roles since the comedy film was born-the gentleman tramp played by Chaplin: Charlot.

He has a hat on his head, oversized shoes, tight clothes, fat pants and a civilized stick in his hand … Yes, everyone remembers him, because "in Charlot, we saw ourselves who were lonely, hardworking, but never successful".

How did Chaplin finally create the classic image of "Charlot" on the basis of his wandering growing experience in his youth? And why can "Charlot" impress generations of audiences in 100 years?

In the following, we will explore these issues together and review the classics of film history created by Chaplin …

The following excerpt is from Seven and a Half Directors, with the subtitle drafted by the editor and pushed by the publishing house.

Charlie Chaplin

Of human nature, the most human

-Chaplin and His Movie World

Text | Zhao Lihong

1. Happiness originates from sadness.

Watching Chaplin’s movies when nothing is going on is just funny, funny and full of joy. Grow up a little, look again, laugh and cry, feel warmth, and feel compassion.

Every time I see the same details, for example, in the scene of Charlot, a glassmaker, and his son escaping from the police in The Story of Finding a Fairy, the son rolled to his father like a ball, as if there was a thread holding him, but his father kicked him away, but he couldn’t get rid of the sticky sugar, so he laughed.

See "City Lights" in which a blind girl touches the hand of Charlot, a tramp, "recognizes" him and says "it’s you", and cries.

What is the charm of Chaplin and his movie world, which can make audiences of different ages and cultural levels all laugh, or wipe their tears, and watch it many times without getting tired?

Now that I think about it, as for the state of being skilled, it seems that it is not so important. The most important thing is that his heart is so soft and full of love and affection for people and the world. He has such a deep insight into the world, predicts the future and deeply understands all kinds of human nature …

Yes, it was Chaplin’s movies that made me feel love, warmth and pity at the earliest, and let the southern girl know that happiness originated from sadness, and sadness is for endless joy; It is also Chaplin’s movies that make me, who is over 500 years old and gradually aging, realize loving and being loved, and realize more loneliness and anxiety and fear everywhere …

When I wrote these words, the little man in a bowler hat appeared in front of my eyes, smiling shyly, feminine and neurotic, which seemed to transcend time and seemed to freeze at a certain point in time; He raised his eyebrows and stared at his round eyes, just like Calvero at the end of his life in "Stage Life", with his eyes wide open and looking at the audience. Those eyes are full of so much desire and novelty, so affectionate, so lonely and so frightened …

The Classic Comedy Image Created by Chaplin —— Charlot

Second, the comedy master’s boyhood

Charlot, a symbolic figure, has a unique style.

Look at this iconic outfit:

He wears a round hat (even if he runs away in a hurry, he doesn’t forget to pick up the falling hat, bow and put it on, which has the demeanor of "the gentleman dies and the crown is inevitable");

A pair of broken gloves (in the story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, someone upstairs dumped garbage and soiled these gloves and had to throw them away);

Leaning on a bamboo cane (a gentleman’s civilized stick is a gentle wave of his hand, high above and bossing around, but in the hands of a tramp, there is more than one thing, but sometimes it is a crutch to support a hungry tramp);

Too narrow and tight coat shows holes, which can’t cover a pair of baggy trousers (in the opening ceremony of "City Light", these trousers were stabbed by the sword of the idol and have been broken ever since);

A pair of extra-large leather shoes (in The Gold Rush, a shoe is boiled and eaten; In "Stage Life", Calvero gave these shoes a close-up, recreating their glory, aging and death.

This mismatch makes Charlot look funny from head to toe. He has tall eyebrows, wide eyes, a funny trapezoidal black beard (Chaplin said that beard symbolizes vanity) and waddles with duck steps.

Stage Life, filmed in 1952, tells the story of an old and declining comedian and a young ballerina. Chaplin plays the comedian Calvero.

Charlot’s walking posture was not created by Chaplin, nor did Chaplin adopt this image from the beginning. He used to play various roles under the name "Charles" (French) or "Chas" (British abbreviation), and only after he appeared in more than ten films did he decide to adopt this stylized costume, typical facial makeup and walking posture. He changed his name to "Charlie" and the French publisher translated it as "Charlot".

From then on, a stylized and eternal Charlot was born, and audiences all over the world will always remember Charlot. At first, Chaplin couldn’t clearly grasp the personality of Charlot. Once he put on the costume that belongs to Charlot alone, he seemed to get mysterious hints, his imagination stretched, and jokes poured out one by one, making Charlot whole.

Chaplin explained Charlot like this:

You see, this is a man with multiple personalities. He is a tramp and a gentleman; He is a poet and a dreamer. He is lonely, longing for romance and adventure. He expects others to regard him as a scientist, musician, or a duke and a polo player. In fact, he can only pick up cigarette butts and grab children’s candy. When he is extremely angry, he will seize the opportunity to kick those ladies’ ass. (Autobiography of Chaplin)

This Charlot that Chaplin said is himself. Indeed, Charlot created by Chaplin in his early days has his own shadow. In other words, Charlot was born from Chaplin’s life experience.

On April 16th, 1889, Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in East Street, Wolves District, London. His family first lived in a nice house in St George’s Road West Square, Lambeth District, and later lived in 287 Kennington Road and 3 Barnard Lane.

His father, Charles Chaplin Sr., is the "leading singer" of the troupe. He has toured in Britain, the United States, France and other countries, and became famous for singing grotesque alto.

His mother, Hana Hill, took the stage at the age of 16. Chaplin said that when she danced, her posture was "amazing", and she was good at singing and dancing, and she was very talented in drama performance. "Her vivid expression and tone are really beyond the reach of ordinary people";

After their parents got married, they performed funny duets together in various amusement parks in Britain, which was very popular.

Obviously, Chaplin’s acting talent is inherited from his parents. Most importantly, he remembered his mother’s words, "First of all, we should do well what we should do in this world."

He remembered:

That afternoon, in that gloomy basement, my mother brought the unique kindness light in this world into my heart. Only in this light can the theme of love, kindness and humanity in literature and drama be so great, rich and brilliant. (Autobiography of Chaplin)

This is also the earliest reason why Chaplin’s films are full of kindness and humanity.

In 1925, "The Gold Rush" tells the story of a tramp from gold panning to becoming a rich man and harvesting love. Chaplin plays the tramp Charlot.

The happy life of Chaplin’s family lasted only about four years.

Because of his father’s alcoholism, his parents finally separated, and old Charles lived with another woman, and his health gradually deteriorated and he fell into poverty. Before he died at the age of 37, someone else organized a welfare performance for him. Chaplin later organized a benefit performance for old Calvero in "Stage Career". Calvero died on the stage. He was once a lonely father and an aging Chaplin.

Chaplin longed for his father’s love all his life.

After the separation of parents, mother lost her voice and couldn’t perform on stage any more, so she had to mend clothes to support the Chaplin brothers. Mother finally lost her mind and was sent to an insane asylum several times.

Young Chaplin (7 to 12 years old) faced two possibilities:

First, he was sent to an orphanage, first to the Rambes Institute for the Poor, and then to the Hanwell School for the Poor and Orphans (three children who lost their fathers in Modern Times and the little street children in The Search for a Fairy);

One is sent to prison (the girl who steals bananas and bread in Modern Times).

The Chaplin brothers lived in constant fear, and for a period of time, they became little vagrants in Kennington block, picking up fruits and vegetables in market ditches and sleeping on benches in squares or parks. Before the age of 12, in order to support his family, Chaplin worked as a newsboy, a printer, a toy vendor, a clinic helper, a glass-blowing apprentice, and a small actor in Lancashire Theatre …

"Life makes him feel like a blind mouse cornered, waiting for his own club." (Joseph Conrad)

This riff-raff experience, the taste of hunger, bullying, being hurt, fear, loneliness and longing for love became the starting point of all Chaplin’s films. "Although he is not the only director who depicts hunger, he is the only one who has personally experienced the taste of hunger" (andre bazan).

After he became famous all over the world, he never confessed his childhood experience. In 1943, Chaplin wrote this in a letter of condolences to the citizens of London who were bombed by Hitler:

I will always remember Lambeth, and I will always remember the room in the attic No.3 in Bonaire Lane where I spent my childhood. At that time, I kept climbing up and down the three-story stairs to pour dirty water, and now it is still in front of my eyes.

Hayley, the grocer in Chester Street, seems to be just around the corner now; I used to buy ten catties of coal and a penny of vegetables. I still remember Huasong, who sells meat, who can buy some leftover meat for a penny. I also remember the grocer Al, who spent two coppers to reach into a box full of scraps of cakes in his shop to get something to eat. Everything is in my memory. I left Rambes, its suffering and its filth … (georges sadoul’s The Life of Chaplin)

The Story of Finding a Fairy, filmed in 1921, tells the story of a poor woman who abandoned her child, was picked up by a tramp, and was brought up. Later, the child found her biological mother. Chaplin played the tramp Charlot.

Searching for a Fairy and Stage Life are two of Chaplin’s most autobiographical films. The latter is about his aging and death. Charlot, a tramp in The Search for a Fairy, is an adult Chaplin, and Jacques, a little boy, is his childhood.

First, Chaplin saw 5-year-old Jacques Cogan. The little boy wore a cap, a sweater with a hole, and trousers with a belt, which was exactly the same as his childhood. Perhaps it was this child who aroused his childhood memories and came up with The Story of Finding a Fairy.

Chaplin shifted his longing for his father’s love to little Jacques’s attachment to Charlot, and in the film he faithfully reproduced the scene of living alone with his mother in the attic of Bonaire Lane. In the film, the mother first abandoned the little boy Jacques and found him again; The reality is that my father abandoned their mother and son, and my mother went crazy and had to leave Chaplin.

Some studies believe that Chaplin also has a tendency to be insane. At least, the loneliness and fear of childhood made him fall into the tendency of autism. He often confined himself in a room for a long time and didn’t talk to anyone. In his heart, his strong sense of anxiety and fear, and his strong desire for women’s love are all due to his severely damaged childhood.

Perhaps it is through movies that Chaplin constantly reshapes and reproduces the experiences and pains of street children that he can vent his anger and avoid his mental breakdown.

It took a whole year from the filming to the completion of "Finding a Fairy", which was his first feature film and was released in February 1921.

In September of the same year, Chaplin returned to London after a long absence, and received an unprecedented grand welcome. Within three days, he received 73,000 letters, postcards, etc. The luxurious Ritz Hotel was surrounded by excited people. Chaplin sneaked out from the side door of the hotel and drove to Lambeth, the neighborhood where he lived as a child.

The brick house in Baonaer Lane is still dilapidated, and the stairs are still dark, smelly and creaking. He climbed to the top floor and knocked at the door at one breath. The top floor room is almost the same as the room built for filming The Story of Finding the Fairy: "A bed is against the wall, two chairs, an old table, kerosene lamps glow dimly, and the kettle on the iron stove is humming." (georges sadoul)

This room is the small attic at No.3 Baonaer Lane, where Chaplin and his mother finally lived together. After her mother left crazily, the furnishings of this room did not change at all. The tenant at that time was Mrs. Reynolds, who solemnly received this great unexpected visitor. Chaplin cried …

There are two other things that influenced Chaplin’s life in the neighborhood where he lived and wandered in his childhood.

In 1931, "City Lights" told the love story of a tramp and a flower girl, and Chaplin played the tramp Charlot.

One night, lonely little Chaplin dragged his tired and hungry body wandering on Kennington Road-

Suddenly, a burst of intoxicating music came from the lobby of the White Deer Hotel at the corner and echoed melodiously in the empty and deserted square. How sweet it sounded. This piece of music is full of emotion and lively tone. I have never paid attention to such touching music. It really gives people a warm and comfortable feeling (Autobiography of Chaplin).

Chaplin followed the music and forgot his miserable situation.

According to georges sadoul, Chaplin Jr. was fascinated by the music of the street organ, and would involuntarily follow him through several streets and improvise with the music. Music is so sweet, so mysterious, it speaks directly and conveys love.

At the age of 16, Chaplin began to play the violin, practicing for four or five hours every day, eager to become a chief violinist. The girl who danced to the music in the street in Modern Times, Charlot who sang impromptu in the restaurant, and the Jewish barber who shaved his head with the rhythm of music in The Great Dictator all conveyed Chaplin’s love for music, which is to reproduce his childhood musical memory, right?

Many directors began to make movies with sound, but Chaplin was still infatuated with silent films, thinking that pantomime was the real art, and he personally provided the music for the film-"A wonderful concert added emotion to my laughter. Hazlitt once said that a work of art without feelings is not complete at all. " Emotional music makes the silent picture flow, the characters come alive, and the silent film has a soul.

On another occasion, on the road in Kennington, Chaplin saw people killing sheep, and the sheep escaped. People ran around to catch sheep, and there was chaos everywhere. The scene was very funny. He burst into laughter at the sight. But the sheep was finally caught back and eventually killed. This sad reality made him very sad again. He ran home and cried to his mother, "They are going to kill it! They are going to kill it! "

Chaplin said: "So later I often guessed that the theme of the tragicomedy mixed in my movies might have originated from this incident." (Autobiography of Chaplin) This is also the reason why his films can make people "tremble with laughter, but can’t stop tears from flowing up" (louis aragon). !

3. Only when facing love can he be brave and witty.

Charlot, of course, is not just Chaplin’s own export.

There is no doubt that a director or writer can impress his audience (readers) only by starting from himself and sincerely pouring out his feelings, anxiety, confusion and love. Through "watching", the audience finds the part that belongs to their own humanity in the object, which is empathy, or "empathy" and "empathy".

We see our hesitation, cowardice and confusion in Hamlet, and we also see ourselves in Charlot.

The Great Dictator, filmed in 1940, tells the story of a great dictator who brutally persecuted Jews and tried to rule the world. Chaplin played the role of dictator henkel and Jewish barber Charlot.

Dressed like a gentleman, Charlot is sometimes a porter, cleaner and repairman, sometimes a snow shovel, a glass changer and an assembly line screw, sometimes a soldier, a waiter, a night watchman, a circus handyman, and sometimes a dreamer, a gold digger and a girl-pleasing singer.

In a word, Charlot is at the bottom of society. If anything happens to him, death, disease or crime, it is just a "small probability event" that happens by chance in the process of social development. All those who are insulted and damaged are just a piece of paper stuck to the soles of shoes in the eyes of those who are above, and can be wiped off casually.

However, from Charlot’s point of view, he never wanted to resist, and he was by no means a revolutionary with firm convictions or a sociopath with strong inner strength. On the contrary, he tries to emulate a gentleman and is willing to be a positive, cheerful and enterprising young man.

That set of Charlot-style clothes is his imitation of "successful people". He learns from a gentleman to politely take off his hat and bow, holding a cigar or cigarette butt he picked up.

In Modern Times, Charlot is in prison, drinking coffee "elegantly" by imitating the wife of an inspector.

In the shabby house, he imitated a gentleman to get up and swim in the morning and read the newspaper while eating breakfast;

Charlot and the girl were chased by the police, hungry and tired, sitting on the grass in front of a middle-class garden house, and he cheerfully described the future for the girl:

They have such a garden house. When Charlot came home from work, his beautiful wife greeted him. When he wanted to drink milk, the cows came over automatically and wanted to eat grapes. They could pick them at the window. They were sitting at the table covered with beautiful tablecloths and happily cutting big meat and bread …

The "illusion" disappeared, and Charlot and the girl were still sitting in front of others, still hungry and homeless. When they saw the police, they quickly got up and ran away …

When we see these scenes, we will never laugh at Charlot’s "superficial" pursuit, instead, our eyes are covered with tears … Isn’t this the basic requirement of a pair of ordinary people for food and clothing? Aren’t those "successful people" leading and shaping the life direction and meaning of the bottom people?

So far, I will see Charlot in my kind relatives, watching them learn from the polite manners of the upper class, trying to increase their knowledge, and believing in the news fed by the media.

However, the gentlemen who Charlot tried to emulate, those who made the rules of the game and led the trend of life, in turn mocked and despised Charlot, saying that they were just "fools" and "untouchables". Once the trouble happened, Charlot was the first to be abandoned, trampled and sacrificed.

Charlot has all the shortcomings of ordinary people.

He is lazy (in "Modern Times", he secretly smokes a cigarette while going to the toilet, and then files his nails when he returns to the assembly line, so that it is cost-effective for his colleagues to work for one more minute);

In 1936, "Modern Times" told the love story of a oppressed worker and a homeless woman. Chaplin played the role of worker Charlot.

He is slick (in Modern Times, the mechanic’s crushed pocket watch, he said, can be used as a shovel);

He was late (the cleaner in City Lights);

He is stupid (in "Modern Times", he looked for a wooden wedge but made the ship leave the dock halfway);

He is clever (in "Modern Times", the factory recruits workers, and Charlot suddenly turns left and right among the unemployed job seekers, and squeezes in one second before the factory gate closes);

He is bad (in the story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, he first lets the children throw stones and break the glass of others, and then pretends to be a glassmaker to change the glass; In The Gold Rush, in order to buy Christmas presents for the girls, he shoveled the snow for others, shoveled the snow from one family to the next door, and then shoveled it.

He lost no time in teasing the woman;

He stole the cigars from the shop;

In the face of boxers who are bigger and stronger than him, he shows a flattering smile of women …

Because of these shortcomings, Charlot is rich, diverse and full of personality.

Charlot’s human shortcomings are shared by us, so we can empathize with them, and we can be deeply moved by the father-son relationship between Charlot and Little Jacques in The Story of Finding the Son and Meeting the Fairy. Chaplin has no intention of portraying Charlot as a morally perfect person who does good without asking for anything in return.

Charlot didn’t want to adopt an abandoned baby when he first found it at the garbage bin on the street corner. How can a homeless man who has never had a child and has never had a meal before raise a baby? But it is this lazy, sloppy and idle tramp who still retains the softest kindness and instinctive love of human nature. He instinctively picked up the child and looked around, trying to give it back to his mother.

Ironically, several times, he tried to give the child to a mother pushing a stroller, and several times he tried to give it to the policeman, but it didn’t work, because he was considered to be the one who wanted to abandon his child. Charlot’s unwillingness to take responsibility and shirk trouble is completely in line with human nature. He took in the abandoned baby Jacker only under the condition of necessity.

From the initial forced admission to living alone with the child, the little child brought him infinite joy and comforted his loneliness. The arrival of the abandoned baby made his small attic with tearful warmth, and the light of love sprinkled on the dirty bed, floor, windowsill and steaming pot. It was really a paradise on earth. Abandoning a baby is an angel who brings the gospel, so Charlot is reborn, and his kindness, dedication, courage, and the noblest affection and love are all aroused.

From forced adoption, to bravely and tactfully taking back the child from the orphanage car, to the loss of the child, all these are in line with the development of human nature and human feelings. The audience will laugh at Charlot’s teaching children to smash the glass with stones and then pretend to repair it. They will also cry when little Jacques is taken to the orphanage car …

Charlot, who lost her child, dreamed of becoming an angel with her son, as if to fly over the dark and miserable world. When she was swimming happily, suddenly, her wings were broken and planted. How lonely and confused it was-a tramp would never fly out of this world …

In 1918, "Joining the Army" tells the story of a gag recruit who won great achievements in the war and woke up only to find that it was a daydream. Chaplin played the role of recruit Charlot.

Charlot, who is full of shortcomings, only shows his noble character when facing love. The story of finding a son and meeting a fairy is like this, and so is the light of the city. After meeting a blind girl, the tramp stopped fooling around and became a conscientious cleaner in order to support her life. In order to cure her eyes, she "snatched" the money that the rich man gave him at night to default during the day and went to prison.

Charlot sweetly played a rich man who supported the blind girl, and accompanied her tenderly. The blind girl said a few words of thanks, and he gave the last bill he wanted to leave for himself to the blind girl. When he heard the blind girl say happily that if her eyes were healed, she could see him, and she immediately showed a frightened expression-ah, how contradictory he was. Of course, he hoped that the blind girl would see the light again, but how lost and sad she would be if she saw that she was not a graceful gentleman, but a tramp in rags.

At the end of the film, when Charlot comes out of prison, his bamboo cane is lost, his hair is getting messy, his pants are getting torn, and he looks so unlucky and sloppy that even the urchin teases him badly, and he falls awkwardly … Just then, he sees his blind girl.

Her eyes are healed, and she is looking at him from the flower shop and giving him a flower with pity and tenderness. When she touches his hand, she finds that this tramp is the "he" she is waiting for. What a shock, surprise and pity her eyes reveal!

At this time, Charlot just smiled and looked at the beautiful girl obsessively, without saying a word. Joy and fear, happiness and sadness came crashing down, pretending to be a gentleman was debunked, and his dignity collapsed. At the same time, a glorious and eternal love of human nature rose again. Through these subtle details and classic bridges, Chaplin excavated the most human part of Charlot with his kind heart, which deeply touched the audience.

Charlot, a tramp, is funny and humble, noble and beautiful, and his dreamy love stirs up laughter and crying in my heart, like music bouncing off an echo wall, echoing in circles and spreading for a long time …

Yes, Charlot was brave and witty and burst into passion only when he faced love. More often, when faced with all kinds of difficulties, this low-level nobody always tries to avoid, deceive himself, or is satisfied with solving problems superficially for a short time. He can do nothing but turn a blind eye to the essence of his predicament.

The short film "The Story of Charlow Joining the Army" is regarded as "making Chaplin rise to Shakespeare’s level for the first time" (georges sadoul), and Delluc said that it is "a film in which no one can bite his hand, and it is a film of crazy self-pity". In this film, there is a classic funny scene: when the enemy catches up, Charlot pretends to be a tree and does not move. There is a similar scene in Circus. In order to escape the police chase, Charlot stands motionless and dresses up as a game puppet …

Circus, taken in 1928, tells the story of a tramp who won money but lost love after being wooed by the circus. Chaplin plays the tramp Charlot.

In the face of pressure and predicament, Charlot seems to be only looking for an emergency solution, like a cat catching a mouse, and the mouse subconsciously defends itself. Once the trick is "poked" and the emergency measures fail, it can only flee again and find a new emergency solution.

Charlot is clever, and he seems to have the ability to cope with any situation; Charlot is clumsy again. He has never been able to solve the real problem. He just uses one appearance to overcome another appearance. The problem still exists, and his actions are particularly ridiculous and helpless.

Charlot also made a famous move, that is, "kicking backwards": when he was in trouble, whether it was a banana peel that made him slip or a great danger, his way was to turn around, take him by surprise, kick backwards, and then run away quickly, no matter how hard he escaped.

He kicked back happily, as if to kick off all the fetters that bound him and controlled him. It seems that because of this kick, he gained liberation and freedom, gained the courage to overcome difficulties, and then he could happily deal with new problems.

This kind of "kick backwards" is like "Twenty years later, another hero" written by Lu Xun’s Ah Q. However, Ah Q’s self-deception is more negative and gloomy, and Charlot has a more cheerful, lively and "upward" flavor. Although the audience knows that Charlot can’t solve any problems.

When we saw Charlot, a tramp, we repeated some actions with earnest devotion:

Trying to climb into the carriage, trying to sleep in bed after getting drunk, or trying very hard to find a job, go for gold, shovel snow, and please girls, tears of sympathy and pity welled up at the same time when we laughed at his ridiculous efforts.

Jean Cocqueteaux said, "Isn’t Charlot Kafka’s surveyor K?"

This K, no matter how hard he tries, will never get into the castle, nor see the officials in the castle, and will never solve his confusion.

Hou Mai said: "Funny is a gesture of people in fear. Because fear makes people involuntarily break away from the regular rhythm. "

In the pursuit of inertia, when moving chairs repeatedly, we saw a little person who was in a hurry and had to work hard to overcome the fear of life.

In Charlot, we see ourselves who are lonely, hardworking, but never successful. We see our own humbleness and dignity, anxiety and joy, selfishness and dedication, pity and love in a nobody …

Attachment: List of Chaplin’s Works

Countess from hong kong, 1967

King in new york, 1957

Stage Life, 1952

Mr. Verdu, 1947

The Great Dictator 1940

Modern Times, 1936

City Lights, 1931

Circus, 1928

Gold Rush, 1925

Pilgrim, 1923

A Woman in Paris, 1923.

Payday, 1922

The story of finding a son and meeting a fairy, 1921

Leisure Class, 1921

Pastoral in 1919

"Joining the Army" in 1918

Life of a Dog, 1918

Immigration, 1917

Easy Street, 1917

Tramp, 1915

Between showers, 1914

Making a living, 1914

This article is excerpted from

Seven and a half directors

Author: Zhao Lihong

Press: Guangxi Normal University Press Poet Thinker

Publication year: 2022-6

Original title: "Some comedies are forgotten after watching them, but Chaplin has always stayed in our hearts."

Read the original text

　　Absrtact: The essence of political ecology is to maintain the dynamic balance between political power and individual rights, and to study political phenomena, political problems and their political laws. Party member often serves as a leading cadre and a grass-roots public official. Because of the lack of system monitoring and restriction of public power in his hands, it leads to political corruption, which seriously damages the balance of political ecology. It is not conducive to safeguarding the fundamental interests of the people, is contrary to the "initial heart" of our party, is detrimental to "the foundation of building the party, the foundation of governance and the source of strength", and is also not conducive to the modernization of China’s national governance system. Only by correctly grasping a series of dialectical relations, such as ideological party building and institutional party management, party discipline and national law anti-corruption, party member cadre power and mass democratic rights, party member cadre power and responsibility, political risk and benign political ecology, can we purify the inner-party political ecology and build a clean and upright inner-party political ecology.

　　Keywords: political ecology; Strictly manage the party in an all-round way; dialectical relationship

　　Comrade Supreme Leader has emphasized on various occasions that in order to strengthen Party building, it is necessary to create a "beautiful" political ecology, "beautiful natural ecology and beautiful political ecology". On June 28th, 2016, when the Supreme Leader presided over the thirty-third collective study in the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, he once again emphasized the theoretical and practical significance of building a "serious inner-party political life and a healthy and clean inner-party political ecology". Not long ago, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee once again profoundly summed up our party’s historical experience in developing inner-party political life, thoroughly analyzed the new situation and new challenges faced by strictly administering the party in an all-round way, adhered to the problem orientation, adhered to a strategic plan, adhered to the unity of inheritance and innovation, deliberated and adopted Several Guidelines on Inner-party Political Life under the New Situation and Regulations on Inner-party Supervision in the Communist Party of China (CPC), comprehensively strengthened and standardized the norms of inner-party political life, and improved the inner-party democratic system and inner-party supervision.

　　In recent years, "political ecology" has become a hot word for officials and academics, and academic works and news reports on "political ecology" or anti-corruption governance are endless. Recently, Bao Xinjian and other scholars have used the term "optimizing the inner-party political ecology", which is reasonable, but this article will still use the term "purifying the inner-party political ecology". So, what are the concepts and characteristics of political ecology? What challenges does the inner-party political ecology in China face at present? What dialectical relationships do we need to grasp to purify the inner-party political ecology under the new normal?

　　First, on the concept of "political ecology" and other core issues.

　　1. Administrative ecology, ecological politics and political ecology.

　　In 1961, the book "Administrative Ecology" published by Fred Riggs was cited as a typical ecology of public administration’s works. In 1989, Wang Huning published the book Administrative Ecology Analysis in Fudan University Press, and in 1998, he published Administrative Ecology. However, administrative ecology and political ecology are completely different concepts.

　　Eco-politics and political ecology originated from the eco-political movement. In fact, they are two concepts related to the relationship between man and nature, involving a transformation process from "witch charm" (man fears nature) and "disenchantment" (man conquers nature) to "re-enchantment" (returning to the harmonious state between man and nature), which is a political philosophical reflection on the gradual ecologicalization of anthropocentrism. The former emphasizes the politics of ecology, focusing on the word "ecology", while the latter emphasizes the ecology of politics, focusing on the word "politics". The replacement of the words "ecology" and "politics" leads to the completely different meanings of ecological politics and political ecology. Western political ecology research is comprehensive, systematic and profound; China’s research in this field is in the early stage of development, which is relatively weak, but it is developing rapidly, and the research team is growing stronger and stronger, and the research is more in-depth, systematic and comprehensive. [2] In this regard, Zhang Qunhui, a doctoral student at Xiamen University, gave a detailed introduction to the origin, definition, characteristics, foreign research cases and China practice of political ecology. [3]

　　2. Inner-party political ecology and anti-corruption

　　Building a clean and honest party style and anti-corruption work are important contents and measures to strictly manage the Party in an all-round way and purify the political ecology within the Party. In essence, the reform and construction of anti-corruption system is a historical topic and a worldwide problem related to the logic of human nature and system, power and rights, interests and values.

　　Professor Yu Keping and his team always pay attention to the idea of democratic governance, and "he is one of the most prestigious thinkers in China about Chinese democratic theory and the most important scholar about intellectuals’ good governance discourse in China", and he has made many suggestions for China’s anti-corruption governance, with remarkable results. Professor He Zengke has been paying attention to and studying the issue of anti-corruption governance, and is the author of "The Cancer of Politics — — A Study on Corruption in Developing Countries, A New Way to Fight Corruption — — More than 10 books, such as A Study on Corruption in the Transition Period in China, put forward some important concepts such as selective punishment, soft restraint of law and discipline, institutional trap and cheap politics.

　　As early as 2007, Liu Jingxi published The Theory of Political Ecology — — An ecological investigation of political development, and later published some academic papers that systematically studied the theory of political ecology. Among them, the paper on the construction of the theoretical system of political ecology was considered representative by Professor Sun Guanhong [4]. In 2013, Professor Zhang Guoqing’s "Research on Social Governance" investigated the theory of social governance and the exploration and practice of social governance in China from the perspective of political philosophy in recent ten years, and put forward anti-corruption concepts such as "universal supervision" and "micro-governance" [5] (P570-585). Professor Chen Guoquan published The Theory of Power Restriction and Supervision, and put forward the countermeasures to establish the power restriction system and power supervision system. In 2014, Xia Meiwu published the book "Research on Contemporary China’s Political Ecological Construction" based on the doctoral thesis of Soochow University. This book borrowed almond’s structural and functional analysis method to systematically analyze the theoretical origin, practical path and practical effect evaluation of contemporary China’s political ecological construction. In 2015, Professor Bao Xinjian defined and distinguished "political ecology" and "optimizing inner-party political ecology" in Guangming Daily. [6]

　　Not long ago, Professor Sun Guanhong’s "Anti-corruption from the Perspective of Political Ecology: On the Relationship between Individuals and the State" combed the context of the concept of "political ecology" and made a detailed investigation on its core issues. Long Taijiang and AARON Li’s Anti-corruption of Party Discipline: Value, Problems and Function Development, Yuan Feng’s Study on the Unit Mechanism of Purifying the Political Environment of Public Officials, and Xia Yuanyong’s Causes and Governance Mechanism of Small Officials’ Greedy discuss the mechanism of purifying the political ecology from the microscopic levels of Party discipline, political unit environment and grassroots political ecology.

　　3. The necessary evaluation of political ecology research

　　Domestic research on political ecology and inner-party political ecology is moving from macro to meso and micro, from abstract to concrete, and from learning foreign concepts to concepts with China characteristics, which not only deepens and refines the research content, but also innovates the research methods, making important theoretical contributions to the study of inner-party political ecology. It is worth noting that there is still a tendency to confuse different concepts such as ecological politics and political ecology in academic circles, so we need to be vigilant and strictly distinguish them in order to accurately and scientifically grasp the true connotation of political ecology. Professor Bao Xinjian made a scientific and accurate definition of political ecology and inner-party political ecology in combination with the specific situation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s ruling party, and we agree with him. Professor Sun Guanhong has clearly defined the concept of political ecology, and presciently pointed out that the core issue of political ecology is "the political balance between individual rights and state power" and that "the ultimate goal of anti-corruption should be to prevent the abuse of state power, thus ensuring the legitimate realization of citizens’ individual rights". This judgment is not only accurate, but also worthy of deep thinking and expansion. Yu Keping, He Zengke, Chen Guoquan, Liu Jingxi, Long Taijiang, AARON Li and other scholars have made great contributions to the anti-corruption governance mechanism. Scholars such as Zhang Guoqing, Yuan Feng and Xia Yuanyong have further refined and discussed the grassroots anti-corruption governance mechanism. Based on this, this paper will focus on the challenges faced by the current inner-party political ecology in China.Then discuss what dialectical relations need to be grasped in order to purify the inner-party political ecology under the new normal.

　　Second, the current challenges facing the inner-party political ecology

　　"Anti-corruption is not a ‘ Sports ’ Revolution, but the combination of palliative and permanent cure, corruption can not be completely eradicated in a certain period of social development, it will be hidden in our daily life and administrative process for a long time, for this, the relevant departments performing supervision and inspection functions and the general public should be more aware of our ‘ Anti-corruption action ’ There is a long way to go. Therefore, we should do a good job in supervision and reporting, and earnestly fulfill the right of supervision and reporting entrusted by the Constitution and laws. At the same time, we should also treat corruption and corruption rationally. Corruption is a global problem, and it is also a problem that must be faced when the society develops to a certain stage at a high speed. Today’s established developed countries with high corruption index, such as Sweden and the Netherlands, have also faced serious corruption problems in the process of industrialization and urbanization. Therefore, we should realize that corruption is the inevitable product of social development at this stage, just like the pain caused by setbacks that people must face in the process of growing up. For China’s political ecology, citizens should also have hope and confidence in it, and firmly believe that there is a long way to go, the road is tortuous and the prospects are bright. " [7](P152) Under the premise of such political awareness and referring to the current academic research results, we believe that the current political ecology within the party mainly faces the following major challenges:

　　1. Institutional corruption is serious, the functions of anti-corruption agencies are scattered, and the construction of party discipline and state law anti-corruption system is still difficult.

　　With the increasing anti-corruption efforts, the cases of official corruption are increasing, and scholars who were optimistic about anti-corruption have begun to reflect, thinking that the increase in the number of corrupt people and cases is rooted in institutional problems, which can be said to be institutional corruption, rather than simple human nature problems. Of course, the system problem mentioned here does not refer to the fundamental socialist system problem, but to the specific and detailed system problem, in other words, the system problem.

　　At present, the functions of anti-corruption institutions such as the Commission for Discipline Inspection, supervision and judicial organs are too scattered and repetitive, and it is difficult to form a joint anti-corruption force. It is difficult to resolutely investigate and deal with many corruption cases. In addition, thousands of years of traditional official culture, hidden rules and Chinese interpersonal relationships in China have become popular, which has seriously hindered the healthy development and virtuous circle of the inner-party political ecology.

　　As always, the Party and the country attach great importance to the construction of anti-corruption and judicial anti-corruption system. Although the corruption situation has improved, it has not been fundamentally reversed, and it is still necessary to "wade through mountains and rivers" from "palliative" to "radical". "China’s corruption is still at a medium level in the world and belongs to a relatively corrupt country. At present, corruption has emerged in China ‘ Privileged corruption ’ ‘ Small officials are greedy ’ And other new features, among which, ‘ Small officials are greedy ’ It also presents ‘ Collective crime ’ ‘ The means of committing crimes are becoming more and more concealed ’ ‘ The amount involved is getting bigger and bigger ’ ‘ The suspects are getting younger and younger ’ And other new features. " [8] From this point of view, the construction of anti-corruption system of party discipline and state law still has a long way to go.

　　2. The construction of prevention, monitoring and punishment mechanism for important fields and key positions is lagging behind, resulting in some public doubts about the party’s social governance ability and the government’s credibility.

　　How to establish a scientific and effective mechanism for selecting and employing people, especially how to make the nomination procedures and information of candidates open and transparent, has always been a major problem. In order to exercise democratic rights, the masses must first obtain open and transparent effective information to prevent being misled by wrong information or invalid information. In real life, the masses often can’t get effective information and make correct decisions, and they know little about how candidates are nominated and the consequences after voting, which leads to the fact that once candidates are elected as leading cadres, their power can’t be fully supervised by society and the masses.

　　At present, China is in the critical period of comprehensively deepening the reform of the economic and political system, and the situation at home and abroad is complex and changeable. China’s economic and social development faces a series of difficulties and challenges, especially "education, employment, social security, medical care, housing, ecological environment, food and drug safety, safe production, social security, law enforcement and justice, etc." [9] A series of livelihood and development issues are particularly prominent. The construction of prevention, monitoring and punishment mechanisms in these important fields and key positions is seriously lagging behind, and in some units and fields, it is still ineffective in implementation. Negative corruption is in a period of frequent occurrence, which seriously harms the political ecology within the party and easily causes some social public to doubt the party’s social governance ability and the government’s credibility.

　　3. The responsibility of the political subject has not been fully implemented, and corruption phenomena such as "big officials are greedy" and "small officials are greedy" are serious.

　　At present, corruption cases such as "great official greed" and "small official greed" occur frequently, but it is very difficult to investigate the responsibility and the enforcement is far from enough. The responsibility of the political subject has not been fully implemented, especially for the "top leaders", who are both "athletes" and "referees" in the unit. The supervision institutions of the Commission for Discipline Inspection set up in the unit have no ability to compete with them at all, and to some extent, they have to be controlled or obeyed by the "top leaders". As a result, it is not surprising that some cadres in party member are corrupted by privilege, followed by power, money and power.

　　In recent years, the high-level leading cadres of the CPC Central Committee, represented by Zhou Yongkang, openly engaged in privileged corruption within the Party, which had a great negative effect on the credibility of the Party and the government and seriously violated the Party’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics ideal and the highest belief in communism. Compared with the "tiger" privileged corruption case, the corruption case of petty officials is relatively hidden. Until recent years, because of the large number of people involved in the corruption case of petty officials and the huge amount of corruption, it is more direct, easier to be detected and more intolerable to harm the rights and interests of the masses, resulting in many cases of "petty officials are greedy" [8], which has attracted people’s extensive attention day by day.

　　This requires us to be constantly "alert to the new challenges of anti-corruption, such as family corruption, anti-corruption, group corruption, ‘ Qingshui yamen ’ The emergence of corruption and other problems has brought new topics and severe challenges to the current anti-corruption work. Therefore, in ‘ Looking for tigers and flies ’ In the process, we should pay more attention to system innovation and perfect supervision, and clarify the boundary between power and interests. Official corruption reflects the officialdom ecology, from improper recommendation to distorted investigation, from setting posts for people to promoting in spite of illness, from the funnel effect of naked officials to the will of the chief executive to slapping his head, collective responsibility is ineffective and alienated into ‘ Collective irresponsibility ’ Therefore, only by implementing the main responsibility and dispelling the smog of corruption, can the wind be clean and upright, and it will be prohibited. " [7]（P170）

　　4. Overexaggerate the risk of entering politics and confuse it with returning to a benign inner-party political ecology.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China fought corruption with an iron fist, the saying that "the people are not living well" has been quietly changed to the saying that "the officials are not living well". Obviously, it is the complaint of some bureaucratic groups affected by the political system reform, and they often criticize the high-level anti-corruption measures of the central government for being too harsh, which seriously infringes on the private lives and personal rights of officials, thus exaggerating the risks of officials in politics and confusing them with the return to the benign inner-party political ecology that should have existed. In fact, the masses are enthusiastic about the anti-corruption measures of the CPC Central Committee. Not long ago, the research group of the Party School of Xi ‘an Municipal Party Committee "Research on the Political Risks of Leading Cadres and Their Solutions" lasted for more than a year, and investigated 444 leading cadres, sorting out eight political risks, including power risk, duty crime risk, decision-making error risk, accountability risk, pink risk, media public opinion risk, making friends risk and political moral risk. [10] When this theory came out, it aroused a thousand waves in academia and the people.

　　The above four challenges constitute the main challenges of the current inner-party political ecology, and we have to take these challenges seriously. Because our Party is well aware of such a truth, if we continue to indulge in the corruption of leading cadres in party member and grass-roots party member and engage in sports-based anti-corruption governance, all previous achievements will be wasted and revived, which will seriously damage the political ecology within the Party and endanger the credibility and ruling foundation of the Party and the government.

　　Three, the five dialectical relations of purifying the inner-party political ecology

　　Compared with the economic system reform, the political system reform is more difficult, more risky and more costly, but it is a critical moment when we have to unify the political consciousness and core consciousness of the whole party, promote and realize inner-party democracy and unite all party comrades. At this moment, only by strictly administering the Party in an all-round way, purifying the inner-party political ecology and enhancing the Party’s ruling ability can we build our Party well and expand the foundation of building the Party, the foundation of ruling and the source of strength. In view of this, in order to build a clean and upright inner-party political ecology, we need to grasp the following five dialectical relations.

　　1. The dialectical relationship between ideological party building and institutional party building.

　　The most important points in the book "A Passage to the Avenue: Socialism in the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China" are: First, the development of China cannot be separated from the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and only the Communist Party of China (CPC) can shoulder this historical responsibility; Second, it is not easy to shoulder this historical responsibility. We must unite the masses and rely on the people. We must organize the people and implement direct democracy at the grassroots level. Moreover, the core of party building lies in maintaining political subjectivity through ideological and institutional construction, and the root of building socialism lies in harnessing capital to serve the people. Among them, the issue of official corruption is an important issue that cannot be avoided. " [7](P168) In addition, it is entirely possible for China to become a highly developed economy in the world because of the high integration of its excellent traditional culture and socialist core values. Therefore, it is necessary to make full use of and highly integrate China’s excellent traditional culture and socialist core values, actively explore the mode of "internet plus Big Data+Anti-corruption", vigorously strengthen the ideological transformation of leading cadres in party member, especially in party member, focus on cultivating party member’s awareness of low-cost culture, and improve the low-cost culture and education system that "does not want to rot".

　　Only by combining ideological party building with institutional party building can we ensure the durability of strictly administering the party in an all-round way. Ideological Party-building is to keep the Party alive ideologically and theoretically, and to solve the problems of party member cadres’ ideals, beliefs and value pursuit. Governing the Party by system is to solve the problems of behavior norms, restraint and supervision, and standardize the behavior of party member cadres by scientific, procedural and standardized means. Without ideological party building, people can’t reach a consensus on basic issues, the system is difficult to formulate, and it can’t be carried out. Similarly, the achievements of ideological party building need to be implemented and guaranteed by the system, and the influence of ideas can be transformed into rigid binding force, which can only be achieved by the system. " [11]

　　Grasping the dialectical relationship between ideological party building and institutional party building is actually to grasp the dialectical relationship between governing the party by rules and governing the party by virtue. If we can’t rule the party by virtue, we will lose our spiritual support if we follow the rules. If we can’t govern the party according to the rules, it will be empty and weak to govern the party by virtue. No matter how perfect the party rules and regulations are, they still need people with virtue and public responsibility to abide by them and implement them. No matter how perfect the moral norms are, they can not only rely on self-discipline measures such as human consciousness and moral consciousness, but also need the guidance and protection of other laws and regulations. Human nature is difficult to measure and control, and the premise of system setting is always evil human nature. Therefore, at the implementation level, the system is more reliable than human nature and morality. Governing the party by system has become the key to comprehensively administering the party strictly and purifying the political ecology within the party. Only by enforcing heteronomy through self-discipline and ensuring self-discipline through heteronomy can we form a new pattern of managing the party and ensure its eternal innovation and development.

　　2. The dialectical relationship between party discipline and national law.

　　Law and justice should be the bottom line of anti-corruption governance, and party discipline and state law should be the sword of anti-corruption governance. Only on the basis of law and under the protection of the rule of law can social fairness and justice be realized and the principle of rule of law that everyone is equal before the party discipline and state law can be maintained. The formulation and implementation of party discipline and state law requires the participation of the people and elites in consultation, their prudent democratic appraisal and their democratic supervision.

　　Party discipline and anti-corruption are the political guarantee and the first line of defense for strictly administering the Party and purifying the political ecology within the Party, while national law and anti-corruption are the legal guarantee and the last line of defense for strictly administering the Party and purifying the political ecology within the Party. Once the first line of defense against corruption by Party discipline and the last line of defense against corruption by national law are lost, it will lead to the subversion of social fairness and justice and the out-of-control of social order. Therefore, we must correctly grasp the dialectical relationship between party discipline and national law against corruption.

　　It is necessary to constantly improve and strictly implement the party discipline, but also to specifically refine and implement the national law. As far as our Party is concerned, party member cadres and the masses party member must resolutely safeguard the dignity of the party discipline and state law, consciously develop a way of thinking under the rule of law, consciously safeguard and strictly implement the principle of the rule of law, and must not trample on and surpass the party discipline and state law. This is the bottom line principle for party member to be an official in politics.

　　3. The dialectical relationship between the power of cadres and the democratic rights of the masses in party member

　　To create a political ecology with the goal of "good governance", we should correctly handle the dialectical relationship between the power of cadres in party member and the democratic rights of the masses, design the system by using the principle of power balance, encourage the masses to exercise their democratic rights under the rule of law, and prevent party member leading cadres from abusing monopoly resources by using their power. Therefore, party member cadres should closely focus on the interests of the masses, keep close contact with the masses, rely on the masses, make full use of the carriers of party style and clean government education such as "three strictness and three realities" and "two studies and one doing", effectively change their work style, seek practical things for the people, promote development, and maintain and enhance the prestige of the party in the hearts of the masses.

　　When using power, leading cadres in party member must be cautious, respect legitimate public opinions, and take it seriously without infringing on the democratic rights of the masses, because restricting power with rights has become the general trend of world democratic politics. Once the people’s democratic rights are lost, the power of leading cadres in party member will not be fully supervised and effectively controlled, and they will fall into a dangerous situation of power abuse and power capital trading. Theoretically, the exercise subject of this comprehensive supervision and effective control should encourage and tolerate the participation of social forces, and finally ensure that rights are enjoyed by the people and power is controlled by the people, "making capital serve the overall interests" [12](P 8– 9）。 Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively deepen the reform and carry out top-level design. At the same time, it is necessary to consider and absorb social forces, build consensus in the whole party and society, and encourage social forces to use new media such as the Internet and mobile phones to conduct democratic supervision over the power of leading cadres in party member.

　　4. Dialectical relationship between power and responsibility of cadres in party member.

　　Hobbes presupposed the selfishness of human nature and the natural state, and built a Leviathan-style contract country, but it led to the Leviathan dilemma. Lord acton put forward the famous conclusion that "absolute power leads to absolute corruption". Many political thoughts around social contracts and political power, as well as the popular public choice theory later, all contained the crystallization of human wisdom, which deeply influenced not only the history of western political thought, but also the history of China’s political thought, thinking about power and power for future generations.

　　"Power is the most important resource to perform functions. More power means more interests and stronger initiative. Responsibility is the supervision and inspection of the specific operation of the government, and more responsibility means more work pressure and risk. ‘ Pursuing power and abandoning responsibility ’ Is with ‘ Rational economic man ’ The natural motives of the government and its officials. " [13] In order to prevent party member’s leading cadres from standing in cages with keys in their hands and controlling rent-seeking corruption, it is necessary to establish a system of unified and consistent powers and responsibilities within the party, enhance the political awareness of the relative power and responsibility of party member cadres, and encourage party member cadres not to be obsessed with power in their hands and not to look for opportunities for corruption, but to bravely shoulder the responsibility of public governance, fulfill their duties and plead for the people. To this end, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee specifically made it clear that "the Party Committee bears the main responsibility, the Commission for Discipline Inspection bears the supervisory responsibility, and a feasible accountability system is formulated and implemented" [9].

　　In order to eliminate the disadvantages of self-supervision of leading cadres in party member, the state must design a stricter power restriction system and power supervision system at the top level, strictly implement the power list, negative list and responsibility list system, fully implement the joint and several liability system, the lifelong accountability system and the restraint and punishment system, strengthen the publicity system of grassroots affairs such as towns and communities, strengthen the dynamic monitoring of party member cadres’ exercise of power in key areas and key links, and the functional departments such as discipline inspection, people’s congress, CPPCC and justice should coordinate and supervise each other.

　　5. The dialectical relationship between the risk of being an official and the benign political ecology.

　　Under the background of strictly administering the Party in an all-round way and being in power in an all-round way, don’t exaggerate the social risk of being an official in politics, it is just a kind of "returning to the decent and healthy state that officialdom should have" [14]. No matter the size of the official position, the level of the position, greed for more and less, we should not slack off and perfunctory the duties of being an official in politics, do not take any chances, nor exaggerate the risks of being an official in politics, thus confusing duties with risks. "Being cautious and cultivating the mind is the best medicine to improve self-immunity in the face of political risks. Education, system and supervision are external constraints from the level of social construction. For officials, only from the source ‘ Knock ’ I have lived myself, guarded my inner bottom line, and I have exercised my heart of positive action and responsibility, and truly achieved self-respect, self-discipline, introspection, self-alarm, and self-motivation, in order to calmly guard against the so-called political risks. " [14]

　　Strictly administering the Party in an all-round way and purifying the inner-party political ecology is only the only way to return to the benign political ecology and optimize the inner-party political ecology. To be an official in politics, we should take the modernization of the national governance system as the goal, earnestly safeguard the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people as the starting point and the foothold, and realize the democratic political goal of Socialism with Chinese characteristics as the top priority. Therefore, only by persistently administering the Party strictly in an all-round way, constantly grasping the anti-corruption governance, building the ideological defense line of party member, laying a solid foundation for managing the Party systematically, reducing the stock of corruption, curbing the increase of corruption and preventing the "broken window effect" can we reconstruct the "picturesque" inner-party political ecology.

　　(Author: Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Hydropower)

　　References:

　　[1] Supreme Leader. Seriously inner-party political life, purify inner-party political ecology, and lay an important political foundation for comprehensively and strictly administering the Party [N]. People’s Daily, June 30, 2016.

　　[2] Xia Meiwu, Jin Taijun. Political Ecology: Theoretical Principles, Values and Practical Significance [J]. Learning and Exploration, 2012 (2).

　　[3] Zhang Qunhui. International experience of political ecology and China’s practice [J]. Foreign Social Sciences, 2015(3).

　　[4] Sun Guanhong. Anti-corruption from the perspective of political ecology: also on the relationship between individuals and the state [J]. Journal of committee of cpc zhejiang provincial committee Party School, 2016(4).

　　[5] Zhang Guoqing. Research on Social Governance [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Press, 2013.

　　[6] Bao Xinjian. On optimizing the inner-party political ecology [N]. Guangming Daily, 2015-05-13.

　　[7] Zhang Yan, Gu Qingqing, editor-in-chief. Warning Record of Small Officials and Greedy [M]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2015.

　　[8] Xia Yuanyong. Causes and governance mechanism of petty official greed [J]. Journal of committee of cpc zhejiang provincial committee Party School, 2016(4).

　　[9] Supreme Leader. Explanation on "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform" [N]. People’s Daily, 2013-11-16.

　　[10] Xi ‘an Municipal Party School "Leading cadres in politics risk and its solution path research group. The risk of politics [N]. Huashang Daily, 2016-07-11.

　　[11] "study times" editorial department. Create a beautiful inner-party political ecology — — Students from the Continuing Education Department of the Central Party School talk about comprehensively administering the Party strictly [N]. study times, 2016-07-11.

　　[12] (France) Thomas? Picchetti. Capital in the 21st Century [M]. Trans. Ba Shusong et al. Beijing: CITIC Publishing House, 2014.

　　[13] Lu Min. Change and imbalance: the allocation of power and responsibility of local governments in transition [J]. social sciences in yunnan, 2012(1).

　　[14] Pushaling. If you are in officialdom, you must show the courage to die with yourself [N]. China Youth Daily, July 12, 2016.

　　Source: Journal of the Party School of Fujian Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, No.12, 2016